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BIO 286 - Microbiology > Ch 16: Bacterial Diversity (Bio 286 - Microbiology) > Flashcards

Ch 16: Bacterial Diversity (Bio 286 - Microbiology) Flashcards

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1
Q

common traits of bacteria

A

central apparatus of gene expression: RNA polymerase, ribosomal RNAs, translation factors; cells walls made of peptidoglycan

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2
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

rods and cocci; no outer membrane; thick cell wall with peptidoglycan; many are pathogens; include staphylococcus, streptococcus, and Listeria

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3
Q

Listeria

A

polymerizes actin inside host cell

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4
Q

(Gram positive) Lactobacillales

A

key genera: Lactobacillus and Streptococcus; non-sporulating, oxidase-/catalase-negative fermentative rod bacteria that produce lactic acid; widely used in food production and preservation; obtain energy only by substrate-level phosphorylation; aerotolerant anaerobes (not sensitive to oxygen); homofermentative produce only lactic acid while heterofermentative produce ethanol, CO2, and lactate

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5
Q

lactobacillales

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

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6
Q

(Gram positive) lactobacillus

A

make yogurt, milk, bread

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7
Q

(gram positive) streptococcus

A

causes strep throat and cavities

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8
Q

(gram positive) leuconostoc

A

on cabbage and makes sauerkraut

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9
Q

(gram positive) nonsporulating bacillales and clostridiales

A

key genera: Listeria, Staphylococcus, Sarcina Listeria; in the order of Bacillales; found widely in soils; opportunistic pathogen that causes foodborne illnesses; catalase-positive rod shaped; facultatively aerobic chemoorganotrophs; often grow well at low temperatures

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10
Q

(gram positive) staphylococcus

A

facultative aerobe that respires but can ferment; grows in clusters; CATALASE-POSITIVE; resistant to reduced water potential and tolerate drying in high salt (NaCl); common commensals and parasites of humans/animals that occasionally cause serious infections

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11
Q

staphylococcus

A

tolerate drying from high salt

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12
Q

(gram positive) sporulating bacillales and clostridiales

A

key genera: Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina; distinguished on basis of cell morphology, shape, and cellular position of endospore, relationship to oxygen, and energy metabolism,; generally found in soils; pathogenic species are saprophytic and infect animals incidentally; endospores are advantageous for soil microorganisms because of variations in nutrient levels/temperature/water activity

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13
Q

(Gram positive) Bacillales/Clostridiales

A

endospore forming bacteria

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14
Q

gram positive endospores

A

extremely heat resistant; spore forms inside mother cell

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15
Q

(gram positive) Clostridium

A

toxin formers of tetanus, botox, and gangrene

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16
Q

(gram positive) Bacillus

A

toxin formers of Anthrax, Bt

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17
Q

(gram positive) Bacillus and Paenibacillus

A

many produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes that break down polymers (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids); many bacilli produce antibiotics, while others produce toxic insecticidal proteins

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18
Q

(gram positive) Clostridium

A

lacks a respiratory chain and obtains ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation; SACCHAROLYTIC ferment surgars; PROTEOLYTIC ferment amino acids or amino acid pairs (stickland reactions); mainly found in anaerobic pockets in soil or mammalian intestinal tract; some are pathogenic causing botulism, tetanus, and gangrene

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19
Q

saccharolytic clostridium

A

ferment sugars

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20
Q

proteolytic clostridium

A

ferment amino acids or amino acid pairs (stickland reactions)

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21
Q

clostridium

A

causes botulism, tetanus, and gangrene

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22
Q

(gram positive) tenericutes (the mycoplasmas)

A

key genera: Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma; lack cell walls; some of smallest organisms; related to Firmicutes (nonsporulating bacillus and clostridia); typically live in close association with animal and plant hosts; small genomes

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23
Q

(gram positive) firmicutes

A

nonsporulating bacillus and clostridium; low G+C content

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24
Q

(gram positive) mycoplasmas

A

small, pleomorphic cells; colonies show a characteristic “fried egg” appearance

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25
Q

(gram positive) actinobacteria

A

key genera: Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium; rod-shaped to filamentous, usually aerobic inhabitants of soil and plant materials; mostly harmless commensals with exception of Mycobacterium; valuable for antibiotics and certain fermented dairy products; have a higher GC composition in DNA

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26
Q

actinobacteria

A

acid fast cell walls (waxy lipids in cell wall); many form long/multicellular filaments; aerial mycelia carry arthrospores

27
Q

(gram positive) streptomyces

A

very large genome; source of many antibiotics :)

28
Q

gram-negative proteobacteria

A

largest group of cultured organisms with six major classes; many metabolic activities (purple light receptors, use of inorganic electron donors, highly adaptable metabolism)

29
Q

proteobacteria

A

largest group of cultured organisms

30
Q

(gram negative) alpha proteobacteria

A

photoheterotrophs (Rhodospirillum) ; endosymbionts (Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Rickettsias)

31
Q

alpha proteobacteria

A

most genetically similar to mitochondria

32
Q

(gram negative) rhizobium

A

fixes nitrogen; found in root nodules

33
Q

(gram negative) agrobacterium

A

pathogen of plants causing plant tumors

34
Q

(gram negative) rickettsias

A

obligate intracellular parasites causing Rocky Mountain Spotty Fever

35
Q

(gram negative) beta proteobacteria

A

lithotrophs: nitrate/sulfur/iron oxidizers, nitrosomes; pathogens: burkholderia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

36
Q

nitrosomes

A

beta proteobacteria used in wastewater treatment

37
Q

(gram negative) Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

sexually transmitted disease

38
Q

(gram negative) gamma proteobacteria

A

lithotrophs; some are phototrophs (purple sulfur bacteria, Chromatium - deposits sulfur inside cell, Thiocapsa - uses nitrite as electron donor); use of iron or H2S as electron donor

39
Q

(gram negative) enteric gamma proteobacteria

A

facultatively anaerobic rods where many are motile and many form biofilms- includes Escherichia coli and pathogens: salmonella, proteus, shigella; can also be aerobic rods that are in biofilms or pathogens including pseudomonas and Legionella

40
Q

enteric gamma proteobacteria

A

Escherichia coli

41
Q

(gram negative) delta proteobacteria

A

Myxococcus xanthus, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

42
Q

(gram negative delta proteobacteria) Myxococcus xanthus

A

attacks other bacteria in “packs” which exhibits social movement; aggregates into fruiting bodies; disperses myxospores

43
Q

(gram negative delta proteobacteria) Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

A

parasitizes other bacteria (E. coli); grows in periplasm; lyses the host

44
Q

(gram negative) Epsilon proteobacteria

A

smallest group of proteobacteria; Helicobacter pylori CAUSES STOMACH ULCERS (burrows below protective mucous layer)

45
Q

(gram negative) nitrospirae

A

spiral shape; most oxidize nitrite to nitrate (Nitrospira), while Leptospirillum oxidizes iron and fixes carbon

46
Q

(gram negative) bacteriodetes and chlorobi

A

OBLIGATE ANAEROBES; bacteriodes (major flora of human colon, break down toxins in food to provide food) and CHLOROBIUM (green sulfur bacterium)

47
Q

(gram negative) chlorobium

A

obligate anaerobe that is a green sulfur bacterium

48
Q

(gram negative) spirochetes

A

flexible/narrow spiral shape; flagella at ends but fully enclosed within periplasm to form axial filament… flagellar rotation turns cell

49
Q

(gram negative) Chlamydiae

A

sexually transmitted disease and can cause blindness; obligate intracellular parasites that exist in the forms large reticulate body and small elementary bodies

50
Q

reticulate body of Chlamydiae

A

grows within cells but cannot survive outside of host

51
Q

elementary bodies of Chlamydiae

A

the form that infects new host cells; survives outside of host cells to be transferred to new host, similar in function to spores

52
Q

(gram negative) planctomycetes

A

multiple internal membranes (a double membrane surrounds the nucleoid but does not make a nucleus because ribosomes are also within enclosed space); verrocomicrobia: irregular shape, contains tubulin

53
Q

(gram negative) Cyanobacteria

A

oxygenic phototrophs; many fix nitrogen (specialized cell types); have subcellular structures thylakoids, carboxysomes, and gas vesicles; can secrete protective mucilage; many grow as filaments (multiple cells growing in a line) while others grow as colonies; many form akinetes

54
Q

cyanobacteria

A

oxygenic phototrophs

55
Q

thylakoids (of cyanobacteria)

A

site of photosynthesis; similar to chloroplasts

56
Q

carboxysomes (of cyanobacteria)

A

lipid bodies

57
Q

akinetes

A

specialized spore cells produced by cyanobacteria that survive long periods of dry to germinate later

58
Q

chloroflexi

A

green nonsulfur bacteria; filamentous phototrophs, live at high temperatures (thermophiles); many have chromosomes (membrane bound organelles that contain chlorophyll)

59
Q

deinococcus-thermus

A

aerobic chemoorganotrophs; stain gram positively but have gram negative cell wall structure containing several layers but lacking lipid A and containing ormithine instead of diaminopimelic acid

60
Q

(thermales) thermus aquaticus

A

model for life at high temperatures and is source of Taq DNA polymerase for PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

61
Q

Deinoccoccus radiodurans

A

radiation and desiccation resistant; most are red/pink from carotenoids; resistant to most mutagenic agents

62
Q

Wolbachia

A

intracellular parasites of arthropods (crustaceans and insects)

63
Q

mycoplasma lack cell walls

A

so they frequently exist as obligate symbionts

64
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease

BIO 286 - Microbiology (21 decks)

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