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BIO 286 - Microbiology > Ch 16: Bacterial Diversity (Bio 286 - Microbiology) > Flashcards

Ch 16: Bacterial Diversity (Bio 286 - Microbiology) Flashcards

1
Q

common traits of bacteria

A

central apparatus of gene expression: RNA polymerase, ribosomal RNAs, translation factors; cells walls made of peptidoglycan

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2
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

rods and cocci; no outer membrane; thick cell wall with peptidoglycan; many are pathogens; include staphylococcus, streptococcus, and Listeria

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3
Q

Listeria

A

polymerizes actin inside host cell

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4
Q

(Gram positive) Lactobacillales

A

key genera: Lactobacillus and Streptococcus; non-sporulating, oxidase-/catalase-negative fermentative rod bacteria that produce lactic acid; widely used in food production and preservation; obtain energy only by substrate-level phosphorylation; aerotolerant anaerobes (not sensitive to oxygen); homofermentative produce only lactic acid while heterofermentative produce ethanol, CO2, and lactate

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5
Q

lactobacillales

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

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6
Q

(Gram positive) lactobacillus

A

make yogurt, milk, bread

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7
Q

(gram positive) streptococcus

A

causes strep throat and cavities

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8
Q

(gram positive) leuconostoc

A

on cabbage and makes sauerkraut

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9
Q

(gram positive) nonsporulating bacillales and clostridiales

A

key genera: Listeria, Staphylococcus, Sarcina Listeria; in the order of Bacillales; found widely in soils; opportunistic pathogen that causes foodborne illnesses; catalase-positive rod shaped; facultatively aerobic chemoorganotrophs; often grow well at low temperatures

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10
Q

(gram positive) staphylococcus

A

facultative aerobe that respires but can ferment; grows in clusters; CATALASE-POSITIVE; resistant to reduced water potential and tolerate drying in high salt (NaCl); common commensals and parasites of humans/animals that occasionally cause serious infections

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11
Q

staphylococcus

A

tolerate drying from high salt

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12
Q

(gram positive) sporulating bacillales and clostridiales

A

key genera: Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina; distinguished on basis of cell morphology, shape, and cellular position of endospore, relationship to oxygen, and energy metabolism,; generally found in soils; pathogenic species are saprophytic and infect animals incidentally; endospores are advantageous for soil microorganisms because of variations in nutrient levels/temperature/water activity

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13
Q

(Gram positive) Bacillales/Clostridiales

A

endospore forming bacteria

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14
Q

gram positive endospores

A

extremely heat resistant; spore forms inside mother cell

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15
Q

(gram positive) Clostridium

A

toxin formers of tetanus, botox, and gangrene

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16
Q

(gram positive) Bacillus

A

toxin formers of Anthrax, Bt

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17
Q

(gram positive) Bacillus and Paenibacillus

A

many produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes that break down polymers (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids); many bacilli produce antibiotics, while others produce toxic insecticidal proteins

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18
Q

(gram positive) Clostridium

A

lacks a respiratory chain and obtains ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation; SACCHAROLYTIC ferment surgars; PROTEOLYTIC ferment amino acids or amino acid pairs (stickland reactions); mainly found in anaerobic pockets in soil or mammalian intestinal tract; some are pathogenic causing botulism, tetanus, and gangrene

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19
Q

saccharolytic clostridium

A

ferment sugars

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20
Q

proteolytic clostridium

A

ferment amino acids or amino acid pairs (stickland reactions)

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21
Q

clostridium

A

causes botulism, tetanus, and gangrene

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22
Q

(gram positive) tenericutes (the mycoplasmas)

A

key genera: Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma; lack cell walls; some of smallest organisms; related to Firmicutes (nonsporulating bacillus and clostridia); typically live in close association with animal and plant hosts; small genomes

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23
Q

(gram positive) firmicutes

A

nonsporulating bacillus and clostridium; low G+C content

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24
Q

(gram positive) mycoplasmas

A

small, pleomorphic cells; colonies show a characteristic “fried egg” appearance

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25
(gram positive) actinobacteria
key genera: Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium; rod-shaped to filamentous, usually aerobic inhabitants of soil and plant materials; mostly harmless commensals with exception of Mycobacterium; valuable for antibiotics and certain fermented dairy products; have a higher GC composition in DNA
26
actinobacteria
acid fast cell walls (waxy lipids in cell wall); many form long/multicellular filaments; aerial mycelia carry arthrospores
27
(gram positive) streptomyces
very large genome; source of many antibiotics :)
28
gram-negative proteobacteria
largest group of cultured organisms with six major classes; many metabolic activities (purple light receptors, use of inorganic electron donors, highly adaptable metabolism)
29
proteobacteria
largest group of cultured organisms
30
(gram negative) alpha proteobacteria
photoheterotrophs (Rhodospirillum) ; endosymbionts (Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Rickettsias)
31
alpha proteobacteria
most genetically similar to mitochondria
32
(gram negative) rhizobium
fixes nitrogen; found in root nodules
33
(gram negative) agrobacterium
pathogen of plants causing plant tumors
34
(gram negative) rickettsias
obligate intracellular parasites causing Rocky Mountain Spotty Fever
35
(gram negative) beta proteobacteria
lithotrophs: nitrate/sulfur/iron oxidizers, nitrosomes; pathogens: burkholderia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
36
nitrosomes
beta proteobacteria used in wastewater treatment
37
(gram negative) Neisseria gonorrhoeae
sexually transmitted disease
38
(gram negative) gamma proteobacteria
lithotrophs; some are phototrophs (purple sulfur bacteria, Chromatium - deposits sulfur inside cell, Thiocapsa - uses nitrite as electron donor); use of iron or H2S as electron donor
39
(gram negative) enteric gamma proteobacteria
facultatively anaerobic rods where many are motile and many form biofilms- includes Escherichia coli and pathogens: salmonella, proteus, shigella; can also be aerobic rods that are in biofilms or pathogens including pseudomonas and Legionella
40
enteric gamma proteobacteria
Escherichia coli
41
(gram negative) delta proteobacteria
Myxococcus xanthus, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
42
(gram negative delta proteobacteria) Myxococcus xanthus
attacks other bacteria in "packs" which exhibits social movement; aggregates into fruiting bodies; disperses myxospores
43
(gram negative delta proteobacteria) Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
parasitizes other bacteria (E. coli); grows in periplasm; lyses the host
44
(gram negative) Epsilon proteobacteria
smallest group of proteobacteria; Helicobacter pylori CAUSES STOMACH ULCERS (burrows below protective mucous layer)
45
(gram negative) nitrospirae
spiral shape; most oxidize nitrite to nitrate (Nitrospira), while Leptospirillum oxidizes iron and fixes carbon
46
(gram negative) bacteriodetes and chlorobi
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES; bacteriodes (major flora of human colon, break down toxins in food to provide food) and CHLOROBIUM (green sulfur bacterium)
47
(gram negative) chlorobium
obligate anaerobe that is a green sulfur bacterium
48
(gram negative) spirochetes
flexible/narrow spiral shape; flagella at ends but fully enclosed within periplasm to form axial filament... flagellar rotation turns cell
49
(gram negative) Chlamydiae
sexually transmitted disease and can cause blindness; obligate intracellular parasites that exist in the forms large reticulate body and small elementary bodies
50
reticulate body of Chlamydiae
grows within cells but cannot survive outside of host
51
elementary bodies of Chlamydiae
the form that infects new host cells; survives outside of host cells to be transferred to new host, similar in function to spores
52
(gram negative) planctomycetes
multiple internal membranes (a double membrane surrounds the nucleoid but does not make a nucleus because ribosomes are also within enclosed space); verrocomicrobia: irregular shape, contains tubulin
53
(gram negative) Cyanobacteria
oxygenic phototrophs; many fix nitrogen (specialized cell types); have subcellular structures thylakoids, carboxysomes, and gas vesicles; can secrete protective mucilage; many grow as filaments (multiple cells growing in a line) while others grow as colonies; many form akinetes
54
cyanobacteria
oxygenic phototrophs
55
thylakoids (of cyanobacteria)
site of photosynthesis; similar to chloroplasts
56
carboxysomes (of cyanobacteria)
lipid bodies
57
akinetes
specialized spore cells produced by cyanobacteria that survive long periods of dry to germinate later
58
chloroflexi
green nonsulfur bacteria; filamentous phototrophs, live at high temperatures (thermophiles); many have chromosomes (membrane bound organelles that contain chlorophyll)
59
deinococcus-thermus
aerobic chemoorganotrophs; stain gram positively but have gram negative cell wall structure containing several layers but lacking lipid A and containing ormithine instead of diaminopimelic acid
60
(thermales) thermus aquaticus
model for life at high temperatures and is source of Taq DNA polymerase for PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
61
Deinoccoccus radiodurans
radiation and desiccation resistant; most are red/pink from carotenoids; resistant to most mutagenic agents
62
Wolbachia
intracellular parasites of arthropods (crustaceans and insects)
63
mycoplasma lack cell walls
so they frequently exist as obligate symbionts
64
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease

BIO 286 - Microbiology (21 decks)

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