Ch 18: Eukaryotic Diversity (Bio 286 - Microbiology) Flashcards
eukaryotic cell
larger in size; contains a NUCLEUS; division of labor; ORGANELLES
nucleus
DOUBLE LIPID BILAYER; most of genetic material of cell; DNA exists as CHROMATIN; nucleolus (rRNA synthesis); nuclear pores allow traffic into and out of nucleus
eukaryotic nucleus
double lipid bilayer
eukaryotic DNA
exists as chromatin
eukaryotic genetic material
MULTIPLE LINEAR CHROMOSOME ARE PRESENT; haploid or diploid; DNA is condensed on proteins (histones); replicate using mitosis/meiosis
histones
proteins on which DNA is condensed
endoplasmic reticulum
phospholipids; smooth and rough
smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
lipid metabolism; detox reactions; lacks ribosomes
rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
ribosomes docked/bound; protein synthesis
evidence of ribosome characteristics and DNA content in nucleus
supports that eukaryotes are derived from bacteria
all cells have
ribosomes
eukaryotic ribosome
two subunits (40S + 60S) for a total size of 80S; translate mRNA into proteins; similar structure to prokaryotes but different topology; antibiotic resistant
mitochondria
“powerhouse”; site of aerobic respiration; bacterial endosymbiont; double lipid bilayer and has its own genetic material (single circular, encodes for 70S ribosomes); reproduce autonomously
mitochondria are derived from
alpha proteobacteria
mitochondria are the site of
aerobic respiration
mitochondria has its own
genetic material (and ribosomes)
chloroplasts
found in plants and algae; SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS; bacterial endosymbiont (derived from cyanobacteria); double lipid bilayer and its own genetic material (single circular, encodes for 70S ribosomes); reproduce autonomously; have thylakoids (like cyanobacteria)
chloroplasts are the site of
photosynthesis
chloroplasts are derived from
cyanobacteria
chloroplasts has its own
genetic material
golgi body
composed of a lipid bilayer; PROTEIN TRAFFICKING CENTERS; import/processing/export; vesicles bud off
eukaryotic cytoskeleton
more elaborate than bacteria; intracellular protein matrix; contains ACTIN (polymerized into chains, highway for proteins to deliver), MICROTUBULES (made of tubulin, highway for proteins), and INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS; regulate cell shape, involved in motility, and other cell functions
vacuoles
LIPID-ENCLOSED SPACE; storage sites for water/food/enzymes/waste; vary greatly in size
eukaryotic flagellum
used for LOCOMOTION; waves like an oar (does not spin); multi-protein complex; microtubule core; dynein arms use ATP to slide tubules which results in flexion
cytoskeleton protein in eukaryotic flagellum
microtubule core
eukaryotic capsule
present in some pathogens; POLYMERIC SUGARS; important in avoiding immune clearance; similar to prokaryotes
red algae/green algae
involved in (secondary) endosymbiosis
Ophisthokonts
includes ANIMALS and FUNGI (not protozoa, share common deletions in key genes); SINGLE (EUKARYOTIC) FLAGELLUM (choanoflagellates resemble sponge (animals))
viridiplantae
algae and plants; engulfed phototrophs became chloroplasts; “CRYPTOPHYTE ALGAE” are protists; engulfed algae still maintain DNA in vestigial nucleus (NUCLEOMORPH)
(viridiplantae) cryptophyte algae
protists with secondary endosymbiotic event; where the engulfed algae still maintain DNA in vestigial nucleus
nucleomorph
maintained DNA of an engulfed algae in vestigial nucleus
classes of protists
AMOEBAS (amoebozoa and ceroczoa), ALVEOLATES, HETEROKONTS, EUGLENOZOA, EXCARATES
amoebozoa and cercozoa
amoebas possessing filamentous pseudopods
entamoebas
most likely to cause illness in humans
new groups of tiny eukaryotic cells
nanoeukaryotes and picoeukaryotes
Fungi
cell walls contain CHITIN (not cellulose or peptidoglycan)- strong acetylated polysaccharide; cells cannot extend pseudopods and must absorb food as individual molecules, but cannot ingest particulate food; secrete growth material at hyphal tips: extend hyphae at tip or branching forms mycelia
fungi cell walls
made of CHITIN (second largest amount of biopolymer, with cellulose being the first)
mycelia
networks of branched hyphae of fungi adapted for absorption and secretion of growth material
yeasts
unicellular fungi; reproduce via budding (sexual spores); leave bud scar bud site; mother cell ages/senesces/dies; REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY (mitosis) AND SEXUALLY (meiosis) [fusion of haploid cells]
chytrids
motile germ cells not associated with human disease; flagellated zoospores (haploid or diploid) and similar to animals/choanoflagellates – FLAGELLATED REPRODUCTIVE FORM; associated with animals (symbionts in rumen, amphibian pathogens); live in aquatic
zygomycetes
nonmotile sporangiospores spread via air or water currents; haploid mycelium (1n - SPORANGIOSPORES, 2n - ZYGOSPORES); BREAD MOLED - RHIZOPUS; arbuscular mycorrhizae; essential for plant roots and increase root absorbtion
sporangiospores of zygomycetes
haploid spores produced by the sporangium
zygospores of zygomycetes
diploid spores produced during sexual reproduction
Rhizopus
black bread mold; part of zygomycetes
ascomycetes
“sac fungi”; unfused nuclei pair before fusion -> mycelia form before nuclear fusion -> fruiting body forms -> meiosis generates gametes -> fusion of cytoplasm but not nuclei -> ASCOSPORES; includes NEUROSPORA, PENICILIUM, MORELS
ascospores of ascomycetes
haploid spore produced within the ascus
neurospora
Red bread mold; part of ascomycetes
penicilium
ascomycetes fungi with filamentous “fingers”
morels
A widely distributed edible ascomycetes fungus that has a brown oval or pointed fruiting body with an irregular honeycombed surface bearing the spores
basidiomycetes
“club fungi”; majority living in soil occur as haploid mycelia; Stay dikaryotic the longest in reproductive cycles – mushroom: gametes fuse but not nuclei -> forms fruiting body (visible “mushroom” top) -> nuclei fuse in basidium -> meiosis to form basidiospores, mycelium; includes MUSHROOMS and CRYPTOCOCCUS (of which capsule stain was performed); mycorrhizae and plant root absorption
basidiospores of basidiomycetes
the haploid spores released by basidia during reproduction
mushrooms
basidiomycetes fungi bearing the common “mushroom” appearance
cryptococcus
basidiomycetes that form capsules
algal cell wall
made of glycoprotein or cellulose
contractile vacuole (of algae)
removes excess water
pyrenoid (of algae)
concentrates CO2 for fixation
chlorophyta
GREEN ALGAE (chlorophyll a); haploid/diploid reproduction; multiple life forms (as individual cells - Chlamydomonas, as filaments - spirogyra, as colonies - volvox, as sheets - ulva)
rhodophyta
RED ALGAE; phycoerythrin allows growth in deeper waters; sulfated sugar polymers (AGAR); grows as unicellular, filaments, or sheets
agar
a gel-like polysaccharide (sulfated sugar polymers) compound used for culturing microbes; extracted from certain red algae (Rhodophyta)
phycoerythrin
accessory pigment dominant in rhodophyte group of algae, which mostly lack flagella, have multicellular lifestyles, and occur in marine waters
coraline algae
rhodophyta which deposit calcium carbonate in coral reef systems
coraline algae
rhodophyta which deposit calcium carbonate in coral reef systems
secondary endosymbionts
ALGAE ENGULFED BY A PROTIST; algae still contains chloroplast – the plasma membrane of algae surrounds chloroplast and cell retains protist heterotrophy
diatoms - bacillariophyta
secondary endosymbionts; cell secretes SiO2 (quartz) shell
brown algae - phaeophycrae
secondary endosymbionts; kelp; energy storage lipid
giardia
diplomonads which have nuclei that occur as two smaller sizes per cell
amoebozoa
amorphous shape; lobe-shaped PSEUDOPODS (“false feet”); actin pushes cytoplasmic streams ahead; engulf food with pseudopods
slime molds
amoeba that have fungus-like qualities; feed and mate as individual cells; form fruiting body; aggregation signal is cAMP; spores released from fruiting body; “DOG VOMIT”
cercozoa
SHELLED AMOEBAS; live in marine habitats
radiolarians
cercozoa amoebas with filament shaped pseudopods; pseudopods stabilized with microtubules
foraminiferans
cercozoa amoebas with shells made of calcium carbonate; make chalk deposits
alveolates
ciliates and flagellates; complex material at plasma membrane: ALVEOLA (flattened vacuoles at outer cortex), extrusomes which secrete enzymes and toxins, and MICROTUBULES which stabilize strucutre; have a well structured cell shape and multiple cilia or flagella
alveola
flattened vacuoles at outer cortex of plasma membrane of alveolates
ciliates
alveolates that have many cilia for motility/feeding; have multiple copies of nuclear DNA (copies in macronucleus make RNA and original genome in micronucleus, where it is used for meiosis and conjugation); include paramecium and stentor (which looks like a trumpet and is treated for in wastewater)
dinoflagellates
two long flagella (with one wrapped around cell groove); secondary endosymbiont that possess a red algal chloroplast; extrusome secretes toxins: NEUROTOXINS - RED TIDE (kills fish and makes swimmers sick); some are endosymbionts that are essential for coral survival
neurotoxins causing red tide
toxins secreted by the extrusomes of Dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
apical complex invades host cells; no cilia - nonmotile; APICOPLAST is derived from chloroplasts and is responsible for metabolizing fatty acids; obligate parasites, including Plasmodium - causing malaria; complex lifestyles
red algae
makes agar
apicoplast
Derived from the chloroplast/cyanobacteria as an endosymbiont in apicomplexans; used for metabolization of fatty acids
trypanosomes
hemoflagellate (lived in blood); related to photosynthetic euglenozoa; also similar to parasitic Leishmania; T. brucei causes African sleeping disease and T. cruzi causes Chaga’s disease (the kissing bug)
excarates
LACK MITOCHONDRIA (so no aerobic respiration is performed); obligate parasites; Giardia (water borne pathogen from rivers)
endolithic phototrophic communities
most commonly found in dry environments
