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BIO 286 - Microbiology > Ch 18: Eukaryotic Diversity (Bio 286 - Microbiology) > Flashcards

Ch 18: Eukaryotic Diversity (Bio 286 - Microbiology) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

larger in size; contains a NUCLEUS; division of labor; ORGANELLES

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2
Q

nucleus

A

DOUBLE LIPID BILAYER; most of genetic material of cell; DNA exists as CHROMATIN; nucleolus (rRNA synthesis); nuclear pores allow traffic into and out of nucleus

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3
Q

eukaryotic nucleus

A

double lipid bilayer

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4
Q

eukaryotic DNA

A

exists as chromatin

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5
Q

eukaryotic genetic material

A

MULTIPLE LINEAR CHROMOSOME ARE PRESENT; haploid or diploid; DNA is condensed on proteins (histones); replicate using mitosis/meiosis

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6
Q

histones

A

proteins on which DNA is condensed

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7
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

phospholipids; smooth and rough

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8
Q

smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

lipid metabolism; detox reactions; lacks ribosomes

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9
Q

rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

ribosomes docked/bound; protein synthesis

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10
Q

evidence of ribosome characteristics and DNA content in nucleus

A

supports that eukaryotes are derived from bacteria

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11
Q

all cells have

A

ribosomes

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12
Q

eukaryotic ribosome

A

two subunits (40S + 60S) for a total size of 80S; translate mRNA into proteins; similar structure to prokaryotes but different topology; antibiotic resistant

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13
Q

mitochondria

A

“powerhouse”; site of aerobic respiration; bacterial endosymbiont; double lipid bilayer and has its own genetic material (single circular, encodes for 70S ribosomes); reproduce autonomously

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14
Q

mitochondria are derived from

A

alpha proteobacteria

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15
Q

mitochondria are the site of

A

aerobic respiration

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16
Q

mitochondria has its own

A

genetic material (and ribosomes)

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17
Q

chloroplasts

A

found in plants and algae; SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS; bacterial endosymbiont (derived from cyanobacteria); double lipid bilayer and its own genetic material (single circular, encodes for 70S ribosomes); reproduce autonomously; have thylakoids (like cyanobacteria)

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18
Q

chloroplasts are the site of

A

photosynthesis

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19
Q

chloroplasts are derived from

A

cyanobacteria

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20
Q

chloroplasts has its own

A

genetic material

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21
Q

golgi body

A

composed of a lipid bilayer; PROTEIN TRAFFICKING CENTERS; import/processing/export; vesicles bud off

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22
Q

eukaryotic cytoskeleton

A

more elaborate than bacteria; intracellular protein matrix; contains ACTIN (polymerized into chains, highway for proteins to deliver), MICROTUBULES (made of tubulin, highway for proteins), and INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS; regulate cell shape, involved in motility, and other cell functions

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23
Q

vacuoles

A

LIPID-ENCLOSED SPACE; storage sites for water/food/enzymes/waste; vary greatly in size

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24
Q

eukaryotic flagellum

A

used for LOCOMOTION; waves like an oar (does not spin); multi-protein complex; microtubule core; dynein arms use ATP to slide tubules which results in flexion

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25
Q

cytoskeleton protein in eukaryotic flagellum

A

microtubule core

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26
Q

eukaryotic capsule

A

present in some pathogens; POLYMERIC SUGARS; important in avoiding immune clearance; similar to prokaryotes

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27
Q

red algae/green algae

A

involved in (secondary) endosymbiosis

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28
Q

Ophisthokonts

A

includes ANIMALS and FUNGI (not protozoa, share common deletions in key genes); SINGLE (EUKARYOTIC) FLAGELLUM (choanoflagellates resemble sponge (animals))

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29
Q

viridiplantae

A

algae and plants; engulfed phototrophs became chloroplasts; “CRYPTOPHYTE ALGAE” are protists; engulfed algae still maintain DNA in vestigial nucleus (NUCLEOMORPH)

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30
Q

(viridiplantae) cryptophyte algae

A

protists with secondary endosymbiotic event; where the engulfed algae still maintain DNA in vestigial nucleus

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31
Q

nucleomorph

A

maintained DNA of an engulfed algae in vestigial nucleus

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32
Q

classes of protists

A

AMOEBAS (amoebozoa and ceroczoa), ALVEOLATES, HETEROKONTS, EUGLENOZOA, EXCARATES

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33
Q

amoebozoa and cercozoa

A

amoebas possessing filamentous pseudopods

34
Q

entamoebas

A

most likely to cause illness in humans

35
Q

new groups of tiny eukaryotic cells

A

nanoeukaryotes and picoeukaryotes

36
Q

Fungi

A

cell walls contain CHITIN (not cellulose or peptidoglycan)- strong acetylated polysaccharide; cells cannot extend pseudopods and must absorb food as individual molecules, but cannot ingest particulate food; secrete growth material at hyphal tips: extend hyphae at tip or branching forms mycelia

37
Q

fungi cell walls

A

made of CHITIN (second largest amount of biopolymer, with cellulose being the first)

38
Q

mycelia

A

networks of branched hyphae of fungi adapted for absorption and secretion of growth material

39
Q

yeasts

A

unicellular fungi; reproduce via budding (sexual spores); leave bud scar bud site; mother cell ages/senesces/dies; REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY (mitosis) AND SEXUALLY (meiosis) [fusion of haploid cells]

40
Q

chytrids

A

motile germ cells not associated with human disease; flagellated zoospores (haploid or diploid) and similar to animals/choanoflagellates – FLAGELLATED REPRODUCTIVE FORM; associated with animals (symbionts in rumen, amphibian pathogens); live in aquatic

41
Q

zygomycetes

A

nonmotile sporangiospores spread via air or water currents; haploid mycelium (1n - SPORANGIOSPORES, 2n - ZYGOSPORES); BREAD MOLED - RHIZOPUS; arbuscular mycorrhizae; essential for plant roots and increase root absorbtion

42
Q

sporangiospores of zygomycetes

A

haploid spores produced by the sporangium

43
Q

zygospores of zygomycetes

A

diploid spores produced during sexual reproduction

44
Q

Rhizopus

A

black bread mold; part of zygomycetes

45
Q

ascomycetes

A

“sac fungi”; unfused nuclei pair before fusion -> mycelia form before nuclear fusion -> fruiting body forms -> meiosis generates gametes -> fusion of cytoplasm but not nuclei -> ASCOSPORES; includes NEUROSPORA, PENICILIUM, MORELS

46
Q

ascospores of ascomycetes

A

haploid spore produced within the ascus

47
Q

neurospora

A

Red bread mold; part of ascomycetes

48
Q

penicilium

A

ascomycetes fungi with filamentous “fingers”

49
Q

morels

A

A widely distributed edible ascomycetes fungus that has a brown oval or pointed fruiting body with an irregular honeycombed surface bearing the spores

50
Q

basidiomycetes

A

“club fungi”; majority living in soil occur as haploid mycelia; Stay dikaryotic the longest in reproductive cycles – mushroom: gametes fuse but not nuclei -> forms fruiting body (visible “mushroom” top) -> nuclei fuse in basidium -> meiosis to form basidiospores, mycelium; includes MUSHROOMS and CRYPTOCOCCUS (of which capsule stain was performed); mycorrhizae and plant root absorption

51
Q

basidiospores of basidiomycetes

A

the haploid spores released by basidia during reproduction

52
Q

mushrooms

A

basidiomycetes fungi bearing the common “mushroom” appearance

53
Q

cryptococcus

A

basidiomycetes that form capsules

54
Q

algal cell wall

A

made of glycoprotein or cellulose

55
Q

contractile vacuole (of algae)

A

removes excess water

56
Q

pyrenoid (of algae)

A

concentrates CO2 for fixation

57
Q

chlorophyta

A

GREEN ALGAE (chlorophyll a); haploid/diploid reproduction; multiple life forms (as individual cells - Chlamydomonas, as filaments - spirogyra, as colonies - volvox, as sheets - ulva)

58
Q

rhodophyta

A

RED ALGAE; phycoerythrin allows growth in deeper waters; sulfated sugar polymers (AGAR); grows as unicellular, filaments, or sheets

59
Q

agar

A

a gel-like polysaccharide (sulfated sugar polymers) compound used for culturing microbes; extracted from certain red algae (Rhodophyta)

60
Q

phycoerythrin

A

accessory pigment dominant in rhodophyte group of algae, which mostly lack flagella, have multicellular lifestyles, and occur in marine waters

61
Q

coraline algae

A

rhodophyta which deposit calcium carbonate in coral reef systems

62
Q

coraline algae

A

rhodophyta which deposit calcium carbonate in coral reef systems

63
Q

secondary endosymbionts

A

ALGAE ENGULFED BY A PROTIST; algae still contains chloroplast – the plasma membrane of algae surrounds chloroplast and cell retains protist heterotrophy

64
Q

diatoms - bacillariophyta

A

secondary endosymbionts; cell secretes SiO2 (quartz) shell

65
Q

brown algae - phaeophycrae

A

secondary endosymbionts; kelp; energy storage lipid

66
Q

giardia

A

diplomonads which have nuclei that occur as two smaller sizes per cell

67
Q

amoebozoa

A

amorphous shape; lobe-shaped PSEUDOPODS (“false feet”); actin pushes cytoplasmic streams ahead; engulf food with pseudopods

68
Q

slime molds

A

amoeba that have fungus-like qualities; feed and mate as individual cells; form fruiting body; aggregation signal is cAMP; spores released from fruiting body; “DOG VOMIT”

69
Q

cercozoa

A

SHELLED AMOEBAS; live in marine habitats

70
Q

radiolarians

A

cercozoa amoebas with filament shaped pseudopods; pseudopods stabilized with microtubules

71
Q

foraminiferans

A

cercozoa amoebas with shells made of calcium carbonate; make chalk deposits

72
Q

alveolates

A

ciliates and flagellates; complex material at plasma membrane: ALVEOLA (flattened vacuoles at outer cortex), extrusomes which secrete enzymes and toxins, and MICROTUBULES which stabilize strucutre; have a well structured cell shape and multiple cilia or flagella

73
Q

alveola

A

flattened vacuoles at outer cortex of plasma membrane of alveolates

74
Q

ciliates

A

alveolates that have many cilia for motility/feeding; have multiple copies of nuclear DNA (copies in macronucleus make RNA and original genome in micronucleus, where it is used for meiosis and conjugation); include paramecium and stentor (which looks like a trumpet and is treated for in wastewater)

75
Q

dinoflagellates

A

two long flagella (with one wrapped around cell groove); secondary endosymbiont that possess a red algal chloroplast; extrusome secretes toxins: NEUROTOXINS - RED TIDE (kills fish and makes swimmers sick); some are endosymbionts that are essential for coral survival

76
Q

neurotoxins causing red tide

A

toxins secreted by the extrusomes of Dinoflagellates

77
Q

apicomplexans

A

apical complex invades host cells; no cilia - nonmotile; APICOPLAST is derived from chloroplasts and is responsible for metabolizing fatty acids; obligate parasites, including Plasmodium - causing malaria; complex lifestyles

78
Q

red algae

A

makes agar

79
Q

apicoplast

A

Derived from the chloroplast/cyanobacteria as an endosymbiont in apicomplexans; used for metabolization of fatty acids

80
Q

trypanosomes

A

hemoflagellate (lived in blood); related to photosynthetic euglenozoa; also similar to parasitic Leishmania; T. brucei causes African sleeping disease and T. cruzi causes Chaga’s disease (the kissing bug)

81
Q

excarates

A

LACK MITOCHONDRIA (so no aerobic respiration is performed); obligate parasites; Giardia (water borne pathogen from rivers)

82
Q

endolithic phototrophic communities

A

most commonly found in dry environments

BIO 286 - Microbiology (21 decks)

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