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BIO 286 - Microbiology > Ch 1: Scope and History of Microbiology (BIO 286 - Microbiology) > Flashcards

Ch 1: Scope and History of Microbiology (BIO 286 - Microbiology) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microbiology

A

study of small living things; study of entities too small to be seen with unaided human eye

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2
Q

cellular

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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3
Q

acellular

A

viruses

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4
Q

prokaryotes

A

lack nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles; include bacteria and archaea

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5
Q

eukaryotes

A

contain nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles; include fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths

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6
Q

viruses

A

viruses, bacteriophage (viruses of prokaryotes)

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7
Q

metabolism

A

enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions

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8
Q

metabolism for Bacillus cereus?

A

YES

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9
Q

metabolism for Bacteriophage T4?

A

NO

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10
Q

reproduction

A

progeny formed sexually or asexually

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11
Q

reproduction for Bacillus cereus?

A

YES

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12
Q

reproduction for Bacteriophage T4?

A

YES

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13
Q

differentiation

A

different cell types can occur

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14
Q

differentiation for Bacillus cereus?

A

YES

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15
Q

differentiation for Bacteriophage T4?

A

NO

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16
Q

communication

A

signaling within and between cells

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17
Q

communication for Bacillus cereus?

A

YES

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18
Q

communication for Bacteriophage T4?

A

NO

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19
Q

locomotion

A

relative movement of cell or organism

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20
Q

locomotion for Bacillus cereus?

A

YES

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21
Q

locomotion for Bacteriophage T4?

A

NO

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22
Q

evolution

A

genetic change over time

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23
Q

evolution for Bacillus cereus?

A

YES

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24
Q

evolution for Bacteriophage T4?

A

YES

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25
Q

microbes in fossil record

A

first thought to appear about 3.5 billion years ago, only life forms on Earth for over 1.5 billion years

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26
Q

microbes in environment

A

microbial photosynthesis account for most of atmospheric oxygen on Earth; microbes are essential for decomposition of dead organisms; microbes cycle many biologically important elements such as Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

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27
Q

industrial microbiology

A

produce important compounds (antibiotics, MSG, ethanol)

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28
Q

food microbiology

A

make or preserve food products (yogurt, salami, cheeses)

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29
Q

recombinant biology/molecular biology/agricultural microbiology

A

microbes can be altered or manipulated to produce useful products or modify other organisms

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30
Q

bacteriology

A

study of prokaryotes

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31
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi

32
Q

phycology

A

study of algae

33
Q

protozoology

A

study of protozoa

34
Q

virulogy

A

study of viruses

35
Q

immunology

A

study of immune system

36
Q

parasitology

A

study of parasites and their hosts

37
Q

Robert Hooke

A

english naturalist and architect (1664); may have been the first to see microorganisms; coined word “cell” to describe what he saw while viewing the bark from a cork oak; used a compound microscope with limited optics

38
Q

Antonie van Leevwenhoek

A

dutch fabric merchant (1684); first person to accurately describe living microbes; used a simple microscope to first view live bacteria; made and reported many detailed observations

39
Q

biogenesis

A

living things originate from other living things; life comes from preexisting life

40
Q

spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

A

life rapidly appears from non-living things

41
Q

Aristotle

A

philosopher and early naturalist (400 BC); favored spontaneous generation; made detailed observations of nature; concluded that aphids, fleas, flies, and mice could spontaneously form from other organic materials

42
Q

Francesco Redi

A

italian natural philosoper (1668); uncovered dishes of meat filled with maggots: covered dishes of meat attracted flies but maggots formed on gaze (not on meat) because flies were laying the eggs hatching into maggots -> disproved spontaneous generation of maggots

43
Q

Louis Jablot

A

french mathematician (1710); boiled hay infusions (“juice” left from boiling straw): sealed container remained clear, but open container became cloudy after contamination from dust

44
Q

John Needham

A

english scientist (1745); boiled chicken broth, then poured the broth into clean and covered flasks, where growth occurred even while covered -> argued that growth indicated spontaneous generation

45
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

italian priest (1768); repeated Needham’s experiment but instead boiled sealed flasks and found that no growth occurred in flasks until they were opened -> argued that Needham must have contaminated his flasks

46
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani argued

A

that Needham must have contaminated his flasks

47
Q

Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann

A

german biologists (1836); after Priestly (1774) discovered oxygen… they treated incoming gas with heat or chemicals and observed no growth in boiled broth media

48
Q

Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann treated

A

treated incoming gas with heat or chemicals and observed no growth in boiled broth media

49
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

french microbiologist (1864); used swan-necked flasks: untreated air allowed in and out of flasks, but no growth occurred in undisturbed flasks -> contacting broth with dust results in rapid microbial growth; demonstrated no spontaneous generation… was contacted by wine producers with a problem of wine going sour, so he briefly heated the wine to kill the microbes infecting the wine -> ADVENT OF PASTEURIZATION; postulated that if wine can be infected by microbes, so could people, which led to the beginning of germ theory of disease

50
Q

Louis Pasteur used

A

swan-necked flasks

51
Q

John Tyndall

A

english physicist (1876); described heat-resistant microbes from hay infusions, used discontinuous heating to sterilize

52
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A

german botanist (1876); discovered and described endospores in some soil bacteria (Bacillus)

53
Q

Oliver Wendell Holmes

A

american physician (1834); observed apparent spread of puerperal fever (streptococcus) by health care providers; published findings with guidelines to reduce transmission; DONE BEFORE GERM THEORY

54
Q

Ignatz Semmelweiss

A

vienna physician (1841); had a severe puerperal fever outbreak in his hospital and recognized that the disease incidence was more in the physicians ward than the midwives ward; forced handwashing by all with chlorinated lime solutions and incidence in both wards reduced; DONE BEFORE GERM THEORY

55
Q

Ignatz Semmelweiss implemented

A

forced handwashing by all with chlorinated lime solutions

56
Q

John Snow

A

british doctor (1854); cholera outbreak in Soho and traced the source to contaminated drinking water… Epidemiology

57
Q

advent of pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

58
Q

beginning of germ theory of disease

A

Louis Pasteur postulated that if wine can be infected by microbes, so could people

59
Q

Joseph Lister

A

british surgeon (1867); applied germ theory to treatment and prevention of diseases; used carbolic acid (phenol) to clean hands/wounds/operating rooms -> number of infections was reduced… was the first person to intentionally perform antisepsis and disinfection

60
Q

Robert Koch

A

german microbiologist; contemporary of Pasteur; worked on anthrax/tuberculosis/cholera; used pure cultures (initiated use of agar); further developed germ theory of disease; DESCRIBED SEVERAL POSTULATES FOR PROVING ETIOLOGICAL (CAUSATIVE) AGENT OF DISEASE; developments in fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions from his work

61
Q

Koch’s posulates

A
  1. suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of disease and absent from healthy animals… 2. suspected organism should be grown in pure culture… 3. cells from pure culture of suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal… 4. organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
62
Q

taxonomy

A

science of classifying living things; divided into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

63
Q

Carl von Linne

A

began the systematic classification of living things

64
Q

binomial designation

A

two-name designation genus + species (italicized, uppercase Genus and lowercase species)

65
Q

5 Kingdom Model (Robert Whittaker)

A

Animals (helminths), Plants (algae), Fungi (microbes), Protists (microbes), Monera (microbes)

66
Q

three domains of phylogeny (Carl Woese)

A

archaea (all microbes), bacteria (all microbes), eukarya (some microbes)

67
Q

extremophiles

A

microbes that live at high temperatures in hot springs

68
Q

bacteriophage T4

A

virus of E.coli

69
Q

evolution

A

characteristic of all cellular organisms

70
Q

cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria both obtain energy from light, but only _____ are capable of releasing oxygen

A

cyanobacteria

71
Q

microbial biochemistry

A

discovery of microbial biomolecules and the functions they perform

72
Q

puerperal fever

A

childbirth fever

73
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and transmission and origin of diseases in populations

74
Q

anthrax

A

caused by pathogenic bacterium Bacillus anthracis which produces heat resistant structures known as endospores

75
Q

limitations of Koch’s postulates

A

Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture (ex: leprosy, which can only be grown in armadillos); some diseases are caused by toxins (not necessarily the microbes themselves)

BIO 286 - Microbiology (21 decks)

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