Ch 1: Scope and History of Microbiology (BIO 286 - Microbiology) Flashcards
microbiology
study of small living things; study of entities too small to be seen with unaided human eye
cellular
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
acellular
viruses
prokaryotes
lack nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles; include bacteria and archaea
eukaryotes
contain nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles; include fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths
viruses
viruses, bacteriophage (viruses of prokaryotes)
metabolism
enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions
metabolism for Bacillus cereus?
YES
metabolism for Bacteriophage T4?
NO
reproduction
progeny formed sexually or asexually
reproduction for Bacillus cereus?
YES
reproduction for Bacteriophage T4?
YES
differentiation
different cell types can occur
differentiation for Bacillus cereus?
YES
differentiation for Bacteriophage T4?
NO
communication
signaling within and between cells
communication for Bacillus cereus?
YES
communication for Bacteriophage T4?
NO
locomotion
relative movement of cell or organism
locomotion for Bacillus cereus?
YES
locomotion for Bacteriophage T4?
NO
evolution
genetic change over time
evolution for Bacillus cereus?
YES
evolution for Bacteriophage T4?
YES
microbes in fossil record
first thought to appear about 3.5 billion years ago, only life forms on Earth for over 1.5 billion years
microbes in environment
microbial photosynthesis account for most of atmospheric oxygen on Earth; microbes are essential for decomposition of dead organisms; microbes cycle many biologically important elements such as Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
industrial microbiology
produce important compounds (antibiotics, MSG, ethanol)
food microbiology
make or preserve food products (yogurt, salami, cheeses)
recombinant biology/molecular biology/agricultural microbiology
microbes can be altered or manipulated to produce useful products or modify other organisms
bacteriology
study of prokaryotes
mycology
study of fungi
phycology
study of algae
protozoology
study of protozoa
virulogy
study of viruses
immunology
study of immune system
parasitology
study of parasites and their hosts
Robert Hooke
english naturalist and architect (1664); may have been the first to see microorganisms; coined word “cell” to describe what he saw while viewing the bark from a cork oak; used a compound microscope with limited optics
Antonie van Leevwenhoek
dutch fabric merchant (1684); first person to accurately describe living microbes; used a simple microscope to first view live bacteria; made and reported many detailed observations
biogenesis
living things originate from other living things; life comes from preexisting life
spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)
life rapidly appears from non-living things
Aristotle
philosopher and early naturalist (400 BC); favored spontaneous generation; made detailed observations of nature; concluded that aphids, fleas, flies, and mice could spontaneously form from other organic materials
Francesco Redi
italian natural philosoper (1668); uncovered dishes of meat filled with maggots: covered dishes of meat attracted flies but maggots formed on gaze (not on meat) because flies were laying the eggs hatching into maggots -> disproved spontaneous generation of maggots
Louis Jablot
french mathematician (1710); boiled hay infusions (“juice” left from boiling straw): sealed container remained clear, but open container became cloudy after contamination from dust
John Needham
english scientist (1745); boiled chicken broth, then poured the broth into clean and covered flasks, where growth occurred even while covered -> argued that growth indicated spontaneous generation
Lazzaro Spallanzani
italian priest (1768); repeated Needham’s experiment but instead boiled sealed flasks and found that no growth occurred in flasks until they were opened -> argued that Needham must have contaminated his flasks
Lazzaro Spallanzani argued
that Needham must have contaminated his flasks
Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann
german biologists (1836); after Priestly (1774) discovered oxygen… they treated incoming gas with heat or chemicals and observed no growth in boiled broth media
Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann treated
treated incoming gas with heat or chemicals and observed no growth in boiled broth media
Louis Pasteur
french microbiologist (1864); used swan-necked flasks: untreated air allowed in and out of flasks, but no growth occurred in undisturbed flasks -> contacting broth with dust results in rapid microbial growth; demonstrated no spontaneous generation… was contacted by wine producers with a problem of wine going sour, so he briefly heated the wine to kill the microbes infecting the wine -> ADVENT OF PASTEURIZATION; postulated that if wine can be infected by microbes, so could people, which led to the beginning of germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur used
swan-necked flasks
John Tyndall
english physicist (1876); described heat-resistant microbes from hay infusions, used discontinuous heating to sterilize
Ferdinand Cohn
german botanist (1876); discovered and described endospores in some soil bacteria (Bacillus)
Oliver Wendell Holmes
american physician (1834); observed apparent spread of puerperal fever (streptococcus) by health care providers; published findings with guidelines to reduce transmission; DONE BEFORE GERM THEORY
Ignatz Semmelweiss
vienna physician (1841); had a severe puerperal fever outbreak in his hospital and recognized that the disease incidence was more in the physicians ward than the midwives ward; forced handwashing by all with chlorinated lime solutions and incidence in both wards reduced; DONE BEFORE GERM THEORY
Ignatz Semmelweiss implemented
forced handwashing by all with chlorinated lime solutions
John Snow
british doctor (1854); cholera outbreak in Soho and traced the source to contaminated drinking water… Epidemiology
advent of pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
beginning of germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur postulated that if wine can be infected by microbes, so could people
Joseph Lister
british surgeon (1867); applied germ theory to treatment and prevention of diseases; used carbolic acid (phenol) to clean hands/wounds/operating rooms -> number of infections was reduced… was the first person to intentionally perform antisepsis and disinfection
Robert Koch
german microbiologist; contemporary of Pasteur; worked on anthrax/tuberculosis/cholera; used pure cultures (initiated use of agar); further developed germ theory of disease; DESCRIBED SEVERAL POSTULATES FOR PROVING ETIOLOGICAL (CAUSATIVE) AGENT OF DISEASE; developments in fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions from his work
Koch’s posulates
- suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of disease and absent from healthy animals… 2. suspected organism should be grown in pure culture… 3. cells from pure culture of suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal… 4. organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
taxonomy
science of classifying living things; divided into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
Carl von Linne
began the systematic classification of living things
binomial designation
two-name designation genus + species (italicized, uppercase Genus and lowercase species)
5 Kingdom Model (Robert Whittaker)
Animals (helminths), Plants (algae), Fungi (microbes), Protists (microbes), Monera (microbes)
three domains of phylogeny (Carl Woese)
archaea (all microbes), bacteria (all microbes), eukarya (some microbes)
extremophiles
microbes that live at high temperatures in hot springs
bacteriophage T4
virus of E.coli
evolution
characteristic of all cellular organisms
cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria both obtain energy from light, but only _____ are capable of releasing oxygen
cyanobacteria
microbial biochemistry
discovery of microbial biomolecules and the functions they perform
puerperal fever
childbirth fever
epidemiology
study of the distribution and transmission and origin of diseases in populations
anthrax
caused by pathogenic bacterium Bacillus anthracis which produces heat resistant structures known as endospores
limitations of Koch’s postulates
Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture (ex: leprosy, which can only be grown in armadillos); some diseases are caused by toxins (not necessarily the microbes themselves)
