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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Lab identification terms > Flashcards

Lab identification terms Flashcards

1
Q

plane

A
  • imaginary flat surface
  • using 3 points in space to show anatomical relationships btwn structures
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2
Q

median (mid sagittal) plane

A
  • vertical
  • passes through midline of body
  • divides into left and right halves
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3
Q

frontal plane

A
  • passes longitudinally from side to side
  • divides anterior and posterior
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4
Q

transverse plane

A
  • passes horizontally through body
  • divides superior and inferior
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5
Q

directional terms

A
  • anterior/posterior
  • superior (upper)/ inferior (lower)
  • proximal (near limb)/ distal
  • medial (near midline)/ lateral
  • superficial/deep
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6
Q

simple squamous epithelium

description

location

function

A
  • description: single layer of flat cells with central nucleus
  • location: inside blood vessels, heart, lines body cavities, alveoli
  • function: diffusion, filtration, absorption, secretion
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7
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

description

location

function

A
  • description: single layer of cube shaped cells with central nucleus
  • location: ovaries, testes, kidney tubules, ducts of glands
  • function: secretion, absorption
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8
Q

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

description

location

function

A
  • description: multiple layers
  • location: lining mouth, ass, vagina, esophagus
  • function: protection from abrasion, repels water and bacteria
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9
Q

ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

description

location

function

A
  • description: cilia on top level, single layer, all cells sit on basement membrane
  • location: nasal cavity, trachea, fallopian tubes
  • function: moves particles or fluid along top surface of cells
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10
Q

transitional epithelium (stratified cuboidal)

A
  • description: stratified, top layer cuboidal, when stretched becomes squamous, may have more than 1 nucleus
  • location: urinary system
  • function: permits expansion, protects from toxins
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11
Q

loose connective tissue

description

location

function

A
  • description: made of 3 fibers (elastic, reticular collagen)
    • cells are fibroblasts
    • macrophage engulf bacteria
    • contains mast cell which produces heprin & histamine
    • disorganized
  • location: dermis-subcutaneous
  • function: surrounds/supports organs, glands, muscles & nerves
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12
Q

dense regular connective tissue

description

location

function

A
  • description: parallel bundles of collagen fibers with fibroblasts in between
    • connective tissues predominant cell
  • location: tendons, ligaments
  • function: elasticity (tensile strength) withstands great force
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13
Q

adipose tissue

description

location

function

A
  • description: has large fat droplet
    • cytoplasm and nucleus pushed to outside of cell
    • has collagen and elastic fibers
    • jelly ground substance
  • location: bone marrow (yellow), padding around organs, deep layers of sin
  • function: energy reserve, support, protection, stores fat
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14
Q

hyaline cartilage

description

location

function

A
  • description:most abundant cartilage
    • fine collagen fibers
    • jelly ground substance
    • chondrocyte in lacuna
  • location: end of nose, fetal skeleton, surrounding joints, attach ribs to sternum
  • function: fleiility, support, reinforcement, reduces friction
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15
Q

special connective tissue

description

location

function

A
  • description: liquid matrix (plasma)
    • red blood cells in matrix with no nucleus
    • white blood cells have nuclei + granules
    • platelets
  • location: blood stream
  • function: WBC: immune, RBC: transpo xygen and CO2, platelet: blood clotting
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16
Q

skeletal muscle

description

location

function

A
  • description: long fibers
    • striped (banded/striated)
    • alternate dark and light stripes represent actin/myosin
    • multiple nuclei
    • voluntary
  • location: muscles attached to skeleton
  • function: posture, voluntary movements
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17
Q

cardiac muscle

description

location

function

A
  • description: striated
    • cardiocytes
    • hghly branched
    • single nuclei
    • intercalcated discs represent gap junctions
  • location: heart
  • function: pump blood, involuntary
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18
Q

smooth (visceral) muscle

description

location

function

A
  • description: non striated
    • involuntary
    • spindle shaped (fusiform)
    • single nucleus
  • location: walls of hollow organs
  • function: propels substances along internal passage ways
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19
Q

nervous tissue

description

location

function

A
  • description: neuron
    • large cell body
    • 2 or 3 nuclei
    • many mitochondria
    • dendrites: recieve nerve impulses and bring to cell body
    • axon transpos impulses to neuron, muscle or gland
  • location: nervous system
  • function: recieve and conduct nerve impulses, neuroglia protects an supports neurons
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20
Q

sebaceous gland

A

produces sebum to keep hair water proof

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21
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

smooth muscles in dermis

  • cause goosebumps when contracted
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22
Q

what kind of surface is the epidermis?

A

stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

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23
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis

  • consists of loose CT, collagen fibers, reticular fibers
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24
Q

what layer does adipose tissue belong to?

A

deep beneath the skin (hypodermis)

  • NOT skin
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25
Q

sudorifferous gland

A

produces sweat in dermis

  • goes up through dermis in ducts and empties in sweat pores
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26
Q

lacunae

A

empty cavities

  • osteocytes (mature bone) fills them
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27
Q

central canal

A

center of osteon

  • contains blood vessels and nerves
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28
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone site

  • gets nutrients from central canal
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29
Q

osteon

A

functional unit of bone tissue

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30
Q

lamellae

A

rings of calcified matrix around central canal

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31
Q

canaliculi

A

small canal connecting osteocytes to each other and to central canal

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32
Q

perforating (volkman) canal

A

channel between neighboring osteons central canal

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33
Q

spongy bone

A

red and yellow bone marrow

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34
Q

compact bone

A

osteons

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35
Q

medullary cavity

A

found in shaft of bone

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36
Q

endosteum

A

lines the medullary cavity

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37
Q

epiphysis

A

end of extremity of the bone

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38
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the bone

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39
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue covering the bone surface (external)

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40
Q

epiphyseal line

A

line by epiphysis

  • represents bones growth center
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41
Q

fossa

A

bone depression

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42
Q

foramen

A

hole

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43
Q

fissure

A

narrow opening btwn adjacent parts of a bone

44
Q

process

A

prominent projection on a bone

45
Q

condyle

A

a process that forms an articulation (point of contact btwn bones)

46
Q

head

A

condyle that is supported by a constricted portion of the bone

47
Q

epicondyle

A

raised area above the condyle

48
Q

facet

A

flat articular surface

49
Q

axial skeleton

A

consists of bones arrange around the longitudinal axis of the body

50
Q

suture

A

joins the 2 parietal bones

51
Q

bones in the axial skeleton

A

80 total

  • 8 cranial
  • 14 facial
  • 16 vertebrae
  • 1 sternum
  • 24 ribs
  • 1 hyoid
  • 6 ear ossicles
52
Q

where are there more sweat glands, the wrist, the palm?

54
Q

what happens to bones places in acid?

A

become fibrous feeling and flexible

55
Q

what happens to bones heated under pressure?

A

they become brittle and break easily

56
Q

What does acid remove from bones?

A

calcium salts and destroy periosteum

57
Q

what does baking do to the bone?

A

dries out organic matrix

58
Q

rickets disorder

symptoms

tx

A

similar to bones treated with acid

  • caused by vitamin D deficiency (inadequate sun exposure)
  • symptoms: restless sleep, bowlegged, scoliosis
  • Tx: calcium intake, expose to sunlight
59
Q

occipital bone

features

A

behind and low of skull

  • features: occipital coondyle, foramen magnum
60
Q

temporal bone

A

side of head (near temples)

  • features: mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus, mandibular fossa
61
Q

zygomatic

A

zygomatic arch

62
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw

  • features: mental foramen (dots on lower jaw)
63
Q

frontal

A

forehead area

64
Q

parietal

65
Q

sphenoid

A

side of head, underneath temporal lobe

66
Q

maxilla

A

front part of roof of mouth

  • contains upper row of teeth
67
Q

palatine

A

back part of roof of mouth

68
Q

lacrimal

A

next to nasal bone

  • where glasses sit
69
Q

nasal

70
Q

vomer

A

partition inside nose (top)

71
Q

mastoid process

A

muscle attachment

72
Q

styloid process

A

pointed muscle attachment

73
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

hole btwn styloid process and mastoid process

74
Q

hyoid

A

free floating bone that is POA for neck and tongue muscles

75
Q

sinus

A

mucosa lined cavity that communicates with the nasal cavity

  • lightens the skull
  • resnating chambers for speech
  • types
    • frontal
    • ethmoid
    • sphenoid
    • maxillary
76
Q

vertebral column

A

spine

  • 26 vertebrae
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 1 sacrum
  • 1 coccyx
77
Q

sternum

A

breast bone

78
Q

body (centrum)

A

largest part of vertebrae

  • disc sits on top and bottom
79
Q

spinous process

A

stick out posterior

80
Q

transverse process

A

stick out laterally

81
Q

pedicle

A

attaches to body

82
Q

vertebral arch

A

pedicle, transverse process, spinal canal, spinous process, articular facet, lamina

83
Q

lamine

A

connects off spinous process to transverse process

84
Q

intervertebral joints

A

4 per vertebrae

85
Q

what are the holes in the transverse process?

86
Q

thoracic

A

spinous process directed downwards

87
Q

sternal angle

A

between manubrium and body (small raised point)

88
Q

cervical vertebrae

89
Q

thoracic vertebrae

90
Q

umbar vertebrae

91
Q

sacrum vertebrae

A

second to last

92
Q

coccyx

A

last vertebrae

93
Q

atlas

A

dens of axis vertebrae articulates here

  • shallow depression
  • first vertebrae
  • holds up head
94
Q

axis

A

allows head rotatoin frm left to right

  • “no”
95
Q

manubrium

A

top of breast bone

  • features: sternal angle, jugular notch (on top), clavicuar notch (next to jugular notch)
96
Q

body

A

middle of breast bone

97
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower appendage of breast bone

  • for muscle attachment
98
Q

left and right ribs

A

features: head, neck, tubercle to determine side of rib; head and neck in back, tubercle faces down

99
Q

costal cartilage

A

cartilage connecting breast bone to rib

100
Q

ribs 1-7

A

true ribs with their wn costal cartilage

101
Q

ribs 8-12

A

false ribs

102
Q

ribs 8-10

A

share costal cartilage with rib 7

  • dont hae own cartilage to articulate with sternum
103
Q

ribs 11-12

A

dont articulate with anything

104
Q

ribs 2-9

A

articulates with 2 vertebrae (itself and 1 above)

105
Q

ribs 1 and 10-12

A

articulates with only 1 vertebrae

  • rib 1: 1st thoracic
  • ribs 10-12: corresponding thoracic vertebrae

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (25 decks)

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