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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Chapter 6: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Bone

A

specialized CT

  • made up of different tissues working together
    • cartilage
    • dense CT
    • epithelium
    • blood forming tissues
    • adipose tissue
    • nervous tissue
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2
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • mineral homeostasis
  • hemopoiesis
  • triglyceride storage
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3
Q

skeleton as support

A
  • framework for soft tissues
  • serves as POA for muscles
  • maintains posture
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4
Q

skeleton for protection

A

brain, heart, lungs, spinal cord

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5
Q

skeleton for movement

A

motion

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6
Q

skeleton for mineral homeostasis

A

stores calcium and phosporous which are critical to nerve activity and muscle contraction

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7
Q

skeleton for hemopoiesis

examples

A

blood cell production:

  • stem cells located in red bone marrow of flat bones
  • ex: scalpula, sternum, skull, ribs, vertebral body, ilia
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8
Q

skeleton for triglyceride storage

A

store fat in yellow bone marrow

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9
Q

long bone parts

bones and areas on bone

A

humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius,

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, marrow, medullary cavity

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10
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft, long and cylindrical

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11
Q

epiphysis

A

extremities, end of bone, proximal and distal

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12
Q

metaphysis

A
  • includes epiphyseal plate in growing bone
  • region where diaphysis joins epiphysis in mature bone
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13
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

calcified cartilage is replaced by bone as bone lengthens

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14
Q

articular cartilage

description

location

function

A
  • covers epiphysis
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bone that enter joint
  • absorb shock and reduce friction
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15
Q

periosteum

A
  • CT membrane made up of fibrous layer and osteogenic layer
  • covering bone surfaces but not articular cartilage
  • important in bone growth, nutrition, repair, provides attachment surface for muscles + ligaments + tendons
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16
Q

periosteum: fibrous layer

A

dense irregular CT has blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

  • outer layer
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17
Q

periosteum: osteogenic layer

A

layer of elastic fibers

  • contains blood vessels and bone forming cells (osteoblasts)
  • inner layer
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18
Q

tendons

A

muscles to bone

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19
Q

marrow or medullar cavity

A

contains yellow bone marrow in adults (none in infants)

  • necessary to produce blood cells
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20
Q

ligaments

A

bone to bone

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21
Q

endosteum

A
  • lining of medullary cavity
  • contains bone destroying cells (osteoclasts)
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22
Q

matrix of bone chemical makeup

A
  • 50% inorganic salts
  • 25% collagen fibers
  • 25% water
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23
Q

responsible for hardness of bone

A

mineral salts

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24
Q

how does bone get tensile strength?

A

collagen fiber

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25
Q

4 types of bone cells

A
  1. osteogenic cells
  2. osteoblass
  3. osteocytes (bone corpuscles)
  4. osteoclasts
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26
Q

osteogenic cells

A

actively mitotic, precursors to osteoblasts

27
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • bone building cells
  • contain extensive ER & ribosomes
28
Q

osteocytes or bone corpuscles

A

mature bone cells, most prevalent

29
Q

osteoclasts

function

A
  • break down bone
  • derived from macrophages
  • important in healing bone fractures
  • has modified microvilli
30
Q

types of bone

A

compact and spongy

31
Q

compact bone

A

arranged in unites called osteons or haversian systems

32
Q

osteons

A
  • central or haversian canal
  • lamella
  • lacunae
  • canuliculi
  • perforating or volkmanns canals
33
Q

central or haversian canal

A
  • contains blood + lymph vessels + nerves
  • circular canal in center of osteon that runs longitudinally through the bone
34
Q

lamella

A
  • concentric rings of calcified matrix
  • circumfrential and interstitial
  • very thin
  • encircles central canal
35
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

around periosteum

36
Q

interstitial lamellae

A
  • fill intervals btwn osteons
  • remnants of old osteons left over from bone remodeling
37
Q

lacunae

A
  • contain osteocytes
  • cavities btwn lamella
38
Q

canaliculi

A
  • minute canals containing osteocyte processes
  • radiate in all directions from lacunae
  • connect with each other
  • provide passageway for nutrients and wastes to reach central canal/each other
39
Q

perforating (volkmann’s) canal

A

small blood vessel canals that connect Haversian canals of neighboring osteons

40
Q

where are nerves most numerous?

A
  • at the end of bones that enter into joints
  • large flat bones
41
Q

spongy bone

A
  • doesn’t contain osteons
  • contains trabeculae and lamella
  • large spaces contain red bone marrow
42
Q

trabeculae

A

thin columns of bone with pointed spicules (spongy)

43
Q

how is the hardened matrix arranged?

A

in concentric lamellae

44
Q

is bone supplied with blood?

A

YES

45
Q

steps in blood supply to bone (4)

A
  1. periosteal arteries pass volkman’s canal to supply outer compact bone
  2. nutrient artery passes through nutrient canal into Haversian canal to provide for osteocytes
  3. nutrient veins follow nutrient artery in diaphysis
  4. periosteal veins exit with periosteal arteries
46
Q

nerves in bone

A
  • follow vessels into bone tissue and the periosteum where they sense damage + transmit pain
  • rich nerve supply in periosteum + epiphysis
47
Q

bone formation

A

osteogenesis or ossification

48
Q

intramembraneous ossification

A

formation of bone directly from or within loose fibrous CT membranes

49
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models
  • begins at 6-7 weeks (embryonic)
50
Q

steps for intramembranous ossification

step 1

A

ossicfication center forms from mesenchymal cells as they are converted into osteoblasts and lay down osteoid (non-calcified) matrix

51
Q

steps for intramembranous ossification

step 2

A

matrix surrounds cells and calcifies as the osteoblasts become osteocyctes

52
Q

steps for intramembranous ossification

Step 3

A

calcifying matrix centers join to form bridges of tribeculae that constitue spongy bonewith red marrow btwn

53
Q

steps for intramembranous ossification

step 4

A

on the periphery, mesenchyme condenses and develops into a collar of spongy bone and then compact bone (periosteum)

54
Q

steps for endochondrial ossification

steps 1-5

A
  1. development of cartilage model
  2. growth of cartilage model
  3. primary ossification center develops in diaphysis; medullary (marrow) cavity develops and fills with red marrow
  4. development of secondary ossification centers in epiphysis
  5. formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
55
Q

formation of bone within hyaline cartilage

A

mesenchyme become chondroblasts

  • hyaline cartilage model which ossifies to bone
56
Q

how can you tell if a bone is fully ossified?

A

its epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line around age 25

57
Q

in which direction is bone growth?

A

length and width

58
Q

4 zones of the epiphyseal plate

A
  1. zone of resting cartilage
  2. zone of proliferating cartilage
  3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  4. zone of calcified cartilage
59
Q

zone of resting cartilage

A
  • nearest epiphysis
  • small scattered chondrocytes that anchor the epiphyseal plate to the bone of epiphysis
  • doesn’t function in bone growth
60
Q

zone of proliferating cartilage

A
  • larger chondrocyte
  • arranged like stack of coins that will divide and replace dead cells of epiphyseal plate
61
Q

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

A
  • zone of maturing cartilage
  • larger chondrocyte arranged in columns
  • actively maturing
62
Q

zone of calcified cartilage

A
  • few cells thick
  • consist of mostly cells that are tracked in calcified matrix which is then
  • taken up by osteoclasts then invaded by osteoblasts
  • cements epiphyseal plate to bone of diaphysis
63
Q

what is the only way diaphysis can increase in length?

A

epiphyseal activity

64
Q

how can bones grow in thickness(diameter)?

A

appositional growth

  1. periosteum cells differentiate into osteoblasts that secrete collagen fibers and organic molecules to form the matrix
  2. ridges fuse and periosteum becomes the endosteum
  3. new concentric lamellae are formed
  4. osteoblasts under periosteum form new curcumferential lamellae
  5. bone tissue lining medullary cavity is destroyed by osteoclasts in the endosteum and the medullary cavity inc in diameter

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (25 decks)

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