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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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2
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

how does it attach?

A
  • attaches to bones by tendons + aponeuroses
  • striated and voluntary
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3
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

what does it form?

A
  • forms wall of heart
  • striated + involuntary
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4
Q

smooth muscle tissue

where is it located?

A
  • located in walls of hollow organs
  • nonstriated + involuntary
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5
Q

functions of muscle tissue (4)

A
  1. produce body movements
  2. posture
  3. produce heat
  4. moves substances along passageways
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6
Q

properties of muscle tissue

A
  • electrical excitability
  • constractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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7
Q

electrical excitability

A
  • responds to electrical disturbance sacross its plasma membraane
  • can produce electrical signals in form of APS
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8
Q

contractility

A

ability to shorten and generate force to do work

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9
Q

extensibility

A

ability to be stretched without damaging tissue

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10
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return to original shape after contraction

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11
Q

each skeletal muscle is composed of many individual cells called

A

fibers aka monocyte

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12
Q

fascia

description

function

A

tough sheet of fibrous CT that surrounds every organ, muscle, bone, blood vessel

  • forms 3D web down to cellular level
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13
Q

superficial fascia

what does it contain?

function

A

contains white and yellow fibers embedded in ground substance

  • seperates muscles from skin
  • stores fat
  • protects from trauma
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14
Q

deep fascia

function

A

covers, divides and protects muscles with similar function

  • lines body walls + limbs
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15
Q

what are trigger points?

A

tight connective tissue adhesions within the deep fascia that can cause local and referred pain

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16
Q

tendon

ability to?

attaches

A

tough band of fibrous CT usually connects muscle to periosteum

  • withstands great tension
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17
Q

Aponeurosis

description

A

layer of flat broad tendons that is shiny, white, not good blood/nerve supply

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18
Q

connective tissue membranes of the muscle

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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19
Q

epimysium

A

covers entire muscle mass

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20
Q

perimysium

A

individual muscle fibers are arranged in fascicles

  • each fascicle surrounded by a CT membrane (perimysium)
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21
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds each fiber within the fascicle

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22
Q

what happens to mesenchymal cells during embryonic development?

A
  1. mesenchymal cells
  2. myoblasts
  3. myotubes
  4. mature muscle fibers; actin and myosin appears in myotubes
23
Q

what are skeletal muscle fibers covered by?

A

sarcolemma

24
Q

what is mitochondria in a muscle cell?

A

sarcosome

25
Q

muscle fibers

descrption

what do they contain?

A
  • multi-nucleated
  • contain: t. tubules, sarcoplasm, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum
26
Q

T-tubules

descrption

function

A

tiny invagination of the sarcolemma

  • how AP reaches the interior of cell
27
Q

sarcoplasm

description

has large amounts of what? why?

A

muscle cell cytoplasm that contains a large amount of glycogen for energy production and myoglobin for oxygen storage

28
Q

myofibrils

what do they consist of?

A

thin/thick myofilaments

  • contractile organelles of muscle cell
29
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

where is it found?

what does it store?

A

encircles each myofibril and stores calcium ions

30
Q

muscular atrophy

description

A

decrease in muscle mass

  • can be partial or complete
  • becomes weaker
  • found in association with cancer, AIDS, heart disease, lung disease
31
Q

muscular hypertrophy

description

A

increase in the diameter of muscle fibers due to increase in cell size

  • not pathological
32
Q

hyperplasia

A

pathological

increase in cell #

33
Q

can muscle cells regenerate?

A

no

34
Q

ways to grow muscle in size

A

sarcoplasmic increase in amount (not in strengh) or myofibrils increase in # (strength and size)

35
Q

what are sacromeres?

A

the functional units of a myofibril

36
Q

parts of sarcomeres (4)

A
  • A bands: darker; consist of thick filaments. Length of myosin filaments
  • I bands: lighter, consist of thin filaments only
  • Z disc or line: passes through the center of the I band. Marks individual sacromeres
  • H zone: center of each A band. Contains thick filaments
37
Q

how do thick filaments attach to Z discs?

A

titin filaments

38
Q

what generates force during contraction?

A

contractile proteins

39
Q

myosin

function

A

main component of thick filaments

  • functions as a motor protein
40
Q

actin

function

A

main component of thin filaments

  • binds to the myosin head for the sliding together of filaments
41
Q

torpomyosin and toponin

function

A

part of thin filaments and occupy active sites on F actin helix

42
Q

what keeps thick and thin filaments in alignment and give myofibrils elasticity + extensibility?

A

structural proteins

43
Q

titin

function

A

anchors thick filaments to the Z disc

44
Q

myomesin

function

A

anchors thick filaments to adjacent filaments at the M line

45
Q

neublin

function

A

binds the thin filaments to the Z disc

46
Q

what happens when a muscle contracts?

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

A
  • thin filaments slide past the thick filaments bringing the Z lines together
  • sarcomeres shorten
  • filaments do not change in length
  • causes shortening of the muscle fiber
47
Q

what will happen to muscle contraction withoutu calcium ions?

A

after the original shortening, nothing will happen

48
Q

how do calcium ions increase and decrease contraction?

A

increase: initiates muscle contraction
decrease: stops it

49
Q

what does the SR do in response to depolarization of the sarcolemma?

A

releases stored calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

50
Q

active transpo processes return _______ to the _____

A

calcium ions to the SR

51
Q

rigor mortis

how does it occur?

A

state of muscular rigidity following death

  • SR becomes extremely leaky to calcium ions and muscles lack ATP to split the myosin-actin cross bridges that will release them from contraction
52
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where interaction between a somatic neuron and skeletal muscle fiber take place

53
Q

synapse

description

A

region (gap) of communication btwn 2 neurons or neuron + target cell

  • dont allow direct contact btwn muscle cells and neurons
  • neurotransmitters + enzymes required
54
Q

acetylcholine ACh

A

neurotransmitter at a neuromuscular junction

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (25 decks)

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