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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

integument

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

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2
Q

functions of integumentary system (7)

A
  1. protection: abrasion, chemicals, water loss
  2. temp regulation
  3. sense organ (pain, hot)
  4. create/store vitamin D
  5. shields UV rays
  6. diagnostic organ (excessive itching is diabetes)
  7. sexual attraction organ (phermones)
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3
Q

What are the 2 tissue layers of skin?

A

dermis

epidermis

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4
Q

epidermis

A
  • epithelial surface layer (5 layers)
  • stratified keratinized squamous
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5
Q

dermis

A
  • deeper connective tissue
  • binds epodermis to hypodermis
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6
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

A
  • not skin
  • loose CT (mostly adipose)
  • attaches dermis to deeper tissues
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7
Q

4 cell types in epidermis

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. langerhans cells
  4. merkel cells
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8
Q

keratinocytes

A

produce keratin

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9
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin

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10
Q

langerhans cells

A
  • part of immune system
  • derived frm bone marrow
  • show forein substances to lymphocytes
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11
Q

merkel cells

A

ends of sensory neurons

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12
Q

How many layers are in the epidermis?

A
  • varied (4 or 5)
  • depends on degree of friction + mechanical pressure applied
  • thick skin-non hairy parts (soles of feet, palms)
  • thin skin everywhere else
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13
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis (deep–>superficial)?

A
  1. stratum basale (germanitivum)
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. atratum granulosum
  4. stratem lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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14
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • cells:
    • keratinocytes: rest on basal lamina of basement mem.
    • melanocytes: use enzyme (tyrosinase) to produce melanin
    • merkel cells: numerous in stratum basale of fingertips (rapid mitosis)
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15
Q

how do melanocytes produce and distribute melanin? What does melanin prevent?

A
  • melanin granules accumulate in melanocyte and exit by pinching off
  • they’re distributed through epidermis and surround nucleus
  • protects DNA from genetic mutation
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16
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • cells:
    • keratinocytes: 8-10 layers, cuboidal and held togeter by desmosomes, accumulate keratohyalin (protein)
    • langerhans: immunologically active, dont separate in areas of friction, produce karatohyalin, provides flex + strength
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17
Q

stratum granulosum

A

cells:

  • keratinocytes: 3-5 layers of dying with shrunken nucleus
  • lamellar granules: secrete water repellent lipid sealant in cytoplasm
  • keratohyalin granules are present in cytoplasm (condense and reffered to as lamelar granules for sealant)
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18
Q

stratum lucidum

A

cells:

  • keratinocytes: flattened, dead (transparent)
  • found in thick skin
  • keratohyalin forms eledin that fills cells
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19
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • cells:
    • keratinocytes- flattened, dead, filled with keratin (formed from eledin)
    • horny cells: dead karatinocytes that have dispersed all of their keratin at the upper surfaceof stratum corneum
    • keratinization
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20
Q

how does keratinization of the stratum corneum occur?

A

replacement of cell contents with the protein keratin as the cells migrate to the skin surface over a 2-4 week period

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21
Q

callus

A

abnormal thinckening of stratum corneum

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22
Q

dermis

what is it made of?

A
  • made of dense regular CT that has 2 regions
  • highly vascular
  • supports epidermis
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23
Q

what are the 2 regions of the dermis?

A
  1. papillary region
  2. reticular region
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24
Q

papillary layer

A
  • areolar CT
  • fine elastic fibers
  • dermal papillae
  • nerve endings for sensations
  • pushes up into epidermis (fibrous extension) to strengthen dermal epidermal junction
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25
Q

what are the types of nerve endings?

A
  • meissners corpuscles
  • ruffini receptors
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26
Q

function of arrector pilli muscle

A

no function in humans, protective in animals

27
Q

reticular layer

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • bundles of collagen + elastic fibers
  • spaces btwn fibers contain adipose cells, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudorifferous glands
28
Q

sebaceous glands vs sudoriferous glands

A

sebaceous: secrete sebum into shaft
sudorifferous: secrete sweat through ducts

29
Q

tatooing

A

permanent coloration of skin in which foreing pigment is injected into the dermis

30
Q

epidermal ridges

A

increases friction for grasping and provides fingerprints and footprints

31
Q

3 pigments in the dermis

A
  1. melanin
  2. carotene
  3. hemoglobin
32
Q

albanism

A
  • inherited inability to produce melanin
  • have melanocytes without melanin production
  • symptoms: pink eyes, white skin & hair, high sunburn & skin cancer risk
33
Q

vitiligo

A
  • complete or partial loss of melanocytes from patches f skin
  • results in irregular white spots
  • immunological disease or from thyroid disfunction or head trauma
34
Q

accessory structures of the skin

A

hair, glands, nails

35
Q

hairs or pilli

A

present on most skin surfaces except palms, palmar surfaces of fingers, soles and plantar surface of toes

36
Q

what does hair consist of?

A
  • shaft above the surface
  • root that penetrates the dermis and subcutaneous layer, cuticle, hair follicle & arrecto pilli muscle
37
Q

what does arrector pilli muscle do? how?

A
  • connected to hair follicle
  • rotates hair perpendicular through skin
  • pushes skin and causes goose bumps
  • smooth muscle
38
Q

cuticle

description

function

A
  • 1 cell thick
  • heavy
  • keratinized
  • loo like clear interlocking shingles
  • assist in anchoring hair in place
39
Q

hair follicle

A

contains actively mitotic cells that will produce new hair or repair damaged hair

40
Q

what is hair color due to?

A

amount and type of melanin

41
Q

graying of hair occurs because?

A

progressive decline in enzyme tyrosinase

42
Q

why is tyrosinase used?

A

melanocytes use tyrosinase to convert melanin to eledin

43
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • connected to hair follicles and produce sebum
  • keeps skin and hair soft/waterproof and inhibits bacterial growth
  • ducts empty into neck of hair folliclle everywhere except lips, genitalia, nipples
44
Q

acne

A

results when sebaceous glands become plugged with dirt or white blood cells

45
Q

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

divided into eccrine and apocrine type to rpoduce sweat

46
Q

persperation consists of

A
  • water
  • NaCl
  • protein
  • urea
  • polysaccharides
47
Q

perspire in response to what?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

48
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

have ducts that terminate at pores at the surface of the epidermis

49
Q

apocrine sweat glands

location

description

A
  • located in axilla, pubis, areola
  • ducts open into hair follicles
    • secretion is viscous causing odor
    • simulated by sex hormones and emotional stress
  • controlled by sympathetic nervous system
50
Q
A
51
Q

nails

A

hard plates of keratinized epidermal cells over the posterior surfaces of the terminal portions of fingers/toes

52
Q

nails help to

A

grasp, mmanipulate small objects and provide protection against trauma to the ends of digits

53
Q

nail conditions

A

cyanosis, spooning

54
Q

cyanosis symptoms

A
  • blue to purple discoloration of skin
  • whites of eyes
  • mucus mmebranes due to a lack of hemoglobin bound oxygen
55
Q

emphisima COPD

A

nails take on shape of spoon

56
Q

thin skin

A
  • covers all parts of the body except palms and palmar surfaces of digits/toes
  • lacks stratum lucidum and epidural ridges
57
Q

thick skin

A
  • covers palms, palmar surfaces of digits/soles
  • contains stratum lucidum and thick epidural ridges
  • lacks hair follicles, arrector pilli muscles, sebaceous glands
  • contains more sweat glands than skin
58
Q

when an injury to tissues extends deep into the epidermis

A

the repair process results in scar tissues formation or fibrosis

59
Q

inflammatory phase

A
  • blood clot unites the wound edges
  • epithelial cells migrate across the wound
  • vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels deliver phagocytes & fibroblasts
60
Q

migratory phase

A
  • epithelial cells beneath the scab bridge the wound
  • fibroblasts begin scar tissue
  • damaged blood vessels begin to grow
  • tissue filling wound is granulation tissue
61
Q

proliferation phase

A

events of the migratory phase intensify

62
Q

maturation phase

A
  • scab sloughs off
  • epidermis is restored to normal thickness
  • collagen fibers become more organized
  • fibroblasts begin to disappear
  • blood vessels are resored to normal
63
Q

decubitus ulcer (pressure sore)

cause

A

constant deficiency of blood to the tissues over a bony projection that has been subjected to prolonged pressure against an object such as a bed, cast, splint

64
Q

where do you get pressure sores?

A

most susceptible tissues: sacrum, ischia (pelvis), femurs, bumps on ankle (malleoli)

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (25 decks)

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