Chapter 14: more brain function Flashcards
VI. THE DIENCEPHALON: DEVELOPS FROM
forebrain
Thalamus is a pair of _______ located ______
oval masses, superior to midbrain
thalamus contians mostly ______ organized into _____
gray matter organized into nuclei
thalamus is principle relay station for _______ to the ______
sensory pathways, cerebral cortex
thalamus recieves all ________ except _____
and registers ________ (4)
sensory nerve impulses, except smell, from four (4) regions, one of which is the spinal cord
conscious recognition of pain, temperature, and awareness of light touch and pressure
cognition
the awareness and acquisition of knowledge is credited to the thalamus
hypothalamus is located
inferior to the thalamus
hypothalamus Contains three (3) major regions possessing important nuclei
a. Mammillary: relay station for the sense of smell
b. Tuberal: contains the infundibulum
c. Supraoptic: produces two hormones (adh, oxytocin)
hypothalamus has 6 homeostatic functions
a. Controls/integrates the ANS
b. Integrates activity of the NS with the endocrine system (produces hormones)
c. Regulates emotional & behavioral patterns
d. Regulates eating/drinking through the feeding, satiety, and thirst centers
e. Regulates body temperature through the heat gain/loss centers
f. Pineal gland: part of the epithalamus that secretes hormone melatonin (helps regulate sleeping and waking hours (circadian rhythm)
cerebrum is the _____ part of the brain
largest
a. The cortex contains ________, deep grooves called ________, and shallower grooves called ________.
gyri, fissures (ridges), sulci
gyri act as
specific landmarks
cerebrum white matter is found
deep to the cortex
hemispheres
right and left halves of the cerebrum
Longitudinal Fissure
divides cerebrum into right and left halves
Corpus Callosum
bundle of transverse white fibers
Lateral Ventricle produce
csf
cerebral hemisphere is further subdivided into
5 lobes by sulci and/or fissures
insula
deeo within brian
covered by frintal, parietal, temporal, occipital bones (island of reil)
- Myelinated fiber tracts running in three principal directions
a. Association Fibers: connect one part of the cortex to another in same hemisphere
b. Commissural Fibers: Corpus Callosum
c. Projection Fibers: connect the cortex to lower parts of the CNS
Cerebral Nuclei
Basal Ganglia
only found in gray matter
basal ganglia
serve as
Paired masses of gray matter deep within each cerebral hemisphere
control for skeletal muscle movement, interconnections btwn cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and some fibers descend into cord
nucleus in corpus striatum
substance nigra
Parkinsons Disease
neurons from the corpus striatum that produce dopamine degenerate (excessive muscle tone leads to rigidity, decreased mobility, tremors, involuntary muscle contraction, shuffling, expresionless face)
Limbic systems location and function
- Located in the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
2. Performs two (2) major functions, one of which is memory
cerebral cortex process
A. Sensory, motor, and integrative signals
sensory areas of the cerebral cortex are concerned with
reception and interpretation of sensory impulses
b. Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Areas 1, 2, 3)
parietal lobe immediately posterior to the central sulcus (post-central gyrus)
primary somatosensory cortex Receives sensory impulses from __________ __________, and __________ receptors
cutaneous muscle, visceral receptors,
2) Somatosensory Association Cortex (Areas 5, 7): receives
sensory impulses directly from the thalamus
3) Primary and association sensory areas permit
(3) aspects of sensory perception,
- memory of sensory experiences.
- pain, temp, touch
- allows you to distinguish 1 sense from another + shape and texture
Primary Visual Cortex (Area17)
occipital lobe
most sensory receptors are found in
face, hands, lips
Visual Association Cortex controls
visual memory
recognition, evaluation, visual memory
Optic Nerves meet and cross at the
optic chiasm
Primary Auditory Cortex found in
temporal lobe; recognizes pitch and rhythm
Auditory Association Cortex (Area 22 or Wernicke’s Area permits
- auditory memory
- recognition of speech meaning
- distinguish btwn speech noise and music
Primary Gustatory Cortex is found and interprets
base of the post central gyrus; interprets sensations related to the sense of taste
Primary Olfactory Cortex
medial aspect of the temporal lobe
motor areas are regions in the ________ that manage _________ _________
frontal lobe, muscular movement
Primary Motor Cortex is found
immediately anterior to the central sulcus (pre-central gyrus)
Broca’s Motor Speech Cortex located in and translate
frontal cortex
translates thought into speech and coordinates voluntary muscle activity
Injury to the association or motor speech areas results in
aphasia: inability to use/comprehend words, can make sound not articulate speech
Motor Association Cortex found, control
immediately anterior to the pre-central gyrus
Learned complex and sequential nature motor skills
Hemispheric Lateralization
- asymmetry (unevenness) of the cerebral hemispheres
2. More pronounced in men, however, women have larger connections between the two hemispheres
A. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves (CN) originate from the ____
by order of attachment to the brain from _____ to ______
brain
anterior to posterior
cranial nerves that contain only sensory fibers and are called
(I, II, and VIII)
sensory nerves
all non sensory only CN’s
mixed sensory and motor fibers
Cranial Nerve 3-Oculomotor function
Sensory and motor to extrinsic eye muscles
Cranial Nerve 4-Trochlear function
Sensory and motor to extrinsic eye muscles
Cranial Nerve 6-Abducens function
Motor to extrinsic eye muscles
Cranial Nerve 7-Facial function
Motor to muscles of facial expression; sensory to salivary glands and taste buds
Cranial Nerve 10-Vagus function
Motor to soft palate, pharynx, larynx;
Sensory to ear, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and meninges
Cranial Nerve 11-Accessory function
Motor and sensory to SCM, trapezius, and larynx muscles for sound production
Cranial Nerve 12-Hypoglossal function
Motor and sensory to muscles of chewing and swallowing, the larynx, and tongue
