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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Chapter 10: Cellular Respiration, Types of Muscle Fiber > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cellular Respiration, Types of Muscle Fiber Flashcards

1
Q

Events at Neuromuscular Junction NMJ (7)

A
  1. nerve impulses arrive at nerve ending, releasing ACh
  2. ach travels across synapse (diffusion) reaches muscle plasma mem. (sarcolemma)
  3. inc. in sodium ion permeability
  4. sodium ions travel down concentration gradient into muscle fiber, cause membrane to depolarize (-55 mv)
  5. action potential generated. (55mv=spread over sarcolemma surface)
  6. muscle fiber contract
  7. actylcholinesterase activity degrades ACh in synapse
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2
Q

resting membrane=?

must reach __ for contraction

A
  • -70 mV
  • -55 mV
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3
Q

sources for ATP production in muscle

A
  • creatine phosphate
  • anearobic cellular respiration
  • aerobic cellular respipration
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4
Q

creatine phosphate

what does it store?

how is it obtained/synthesized?

A

most energy in muscle tissue is stored in the phosphate bond of creatine phosphate

  • unique to muscle fibers
  • obtained from food
  • excess ATP released from relaxed muscles
  • synthesis in liver + kidneys
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5
Q

ADP (A-P-P) + C-P —–>

A

ATP (A-P-P-P) + C + energy

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6
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration

where does it occur?

what type of energy release?

how much activity does it allow?

A

begins in cytoplasm and completes in mitochondria

  • cytoplasm: 1 molecule of glucose converted into 2 molecules of pyurvic acid and 2 molecules of pyurvic acid + 2 molecules ATP (aka glycolysis, no CO2, exergonic)
  • enough energy for 30-40 sec of activity
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7
Q

what is glucose oxidation?

what does it require?

A

series of chemical steps (mechanical steps)

each step requires different enzyme

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8
Q

for every glucose oxidized to CO2 and water, there is enough energy to produce _____

A

36 molecules of ATP

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9
Q

most of the ATP produced in a cell is by ______ (type)

A

mitochondria (endergonic)

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10
Q

how do cells obtain energy to produce ATP?

A

oxidizing fat + glucosse

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11
Q

glucose + oxygen = ?

A

CO2 + water + energy (exergonic)

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12
Q

what are the 2 seperate pathways in mitchondria?

A

krebb process + electron transport chain

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13
Q

end result of aerobic cellular respiration

____ used _____ produced

how much energy released?

A

pyurvic acid—> CO2

  • oxygen used and water produced
  • large amnt of energy released
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14
Q

2 molecules of pyurvic acid produced enough energy is released to make ___?

A

34 molecules of ATP

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15
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

___ produced in the _____

A

ATP production in mitochondria involving the complete oxidation of glucose, acids, or amino acids

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16
Q

where do muscle tissue recieve their oxygen supply from?

A

hemoglobin + myoglobin

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17
Q

aerobic respiration provides ____ % of ATP needed for muscular endurance more than ____ minutes

A

90, 30

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18
Q

muscle fatigue

A

more pyurvic acid is being produced than the mitochondria are capable of oxidizing

  • each pyurvic acid is turned into lactic acid as it accumulates
  • toxic effect
  • large scale fatigue
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19
Q

oxygen debt

A

with prolonged strenuous activitY, ATP production occurs without oxygen

  • excess ATP decrease the accumulation of lactic acid by converting it back into pyurvic acid
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20
Q

what is the size of oxygen debt?

A

the amnt of CO2 the mitochondria would have used to make the saem amnt of ATP

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21
Q

what does less ATP require?

A

mitochondrial use so production of ATP continues at high rate

  • extra ATP used to decrease lactic acid in blood
  • helps form phosphate stored in muscles
  • when ATP gone so is oxygen debt
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22
Q

the tension a muscle can generate depends on?

A

of fibers that are contracting in unison

23
Q

motor unit

A

group (150) of muscle fibers which recieve stimulation through the branches of a single spinal nerve

24
Q

twitch contraction

A

response of all the fibers in a motor unit to a single stimulus (AP)

  • 3 phases
25
Q

3 phases of twitch response

A
  1. latent
  2. contraction
  3. relaxation
26
Q

twitch response latent phase

A

instant of stimulation to beginning of contraction

  • SR releases calcium to allow contraction to begin
27
Q

twitch response contraction phase

dependent on?

A

start of contraction until max contraction

  • dependent on calcium ions and formation of trigger complexes
28
Q

twitch response Relaxation phase

A

begins to taper off as calcium is transported back into t-tubules and the SR

29
Q

what happens btwn max contraction and full relaxation?

A

no new bridges and trigger complexes are formed

  • existing trigger complexes are broken down by ATP binding to myosin
30
Q

what is the refractory period?

why?

how long for each type of muscle?

A

time during which a muscle wont respond to a second stimulus

  • muscle membrane cant immediately generate 2nd AP
    • skeletal: 5millisec
    • caridac: 300 millisec
31
Q

wave summation

A

if application of 2nd stimulus occurs before muscle has completely relaxed, contracted stste of muscle is prolonged

32
Q

incomplete (unfused) tetanus

what doe sit permit?

A

sustained muscle contraction is response to multiple stimuli (20/30 sec)

  • permits partial relaxation btwn stimuli
33
Q

complete (fused) tetanus

what does it lack?

A

sustained contraction in response to multiple stimuli (80/100 sec)

  • lacks partial relaxation btwn stimuli
34
Q

muscle tone

A

state of maintainied partial contraction of muscle

  • small amnt of contraction is essential for maintaining posture
35
Q

isotonic contractions

A

type of muscle tone

  • tension doesnt change
  • muscle shorten + lengthen to move a weight
36
Q

isometric contractions

A

muscles dont shorten or lengthen

  • no movement
  • tension increases
  • maintains posture
  • supports objects in fixed position
37
Q

how are skeletal muscle fibers classified?

A

red (dark) or white (light)

38
Q

red (dark) muscle fibers

diameter

contraction

oxidative

function

fatigue?

blood supply?

myoglobin

mitochondria

metabolism

ATP

location

A

diameter: small
contraction: slow
oxidative: slow
function: posture, walking, sprinting
fatigue: not easily

blood supply: extensive

myoglobin: extensive
mitochondria: many
metabolism: aerobic

ATP: hydrolyzed slowly

location: middle of muscle

39
Q

white (light) muscle fibers

diameter

contraction

oxidative

function

fatigue?

blood supply?

myoglobin

mitochondria

metabolism

ATP

location

A

diameter: large
contraction: fast
oxidative: fast
function: short suration activity (weight lifting)
fatigue: easily

blood supply: less than dark

myoglobin: les than dark
mitochondria: less than dark
metabolism: anaerobic glycolysis

ATP: hydrolyzed faster

location: periphery of muscle

40
Q

most skeletal muscle contain mixture of ___ fiber types, with ___ proportions dependent on the action of the muscle

A

both, varying

41
Q

cardiac muscle is only foudn in the walls of the ____

A

heart chamber (myocardium)

42
Q

cardiac muscle description

A
  • striated involuntary
  • fibers are short, branched, contain 1 centrally located nucleus
  • connect to adjacent fibers by intercalcated discs
43
Q

cardiac muscle contractions last _____ than skeletal muscle contractions due to calcium ions entering through the intercalcated discs

A

10 times longer

44
Q

Cardiac fibers contract __________?

A

independently of any nerve supply

45
Q

where is smooth muscle found

how are they arranged?

A

walls of hollow viscera + small blood vessels

  • fibers arranged in a network
46
Q

smooth muscle anatomy

A
  • involuntary +nonstriated
  • fibers are fusiform shaped
  • central nucleus
  • sarcoplasm contains thick (myosin) + thin (actin) + intermediate filaments which arent organized into sarcomeres
  • thin + intermediate filaments attached to dense bodies
47
Q

smooth muscle physiology

duration of contraction and relaxation

A

duration of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is longer than in skeletal muscle due to slower movement of calcium ions

48
Q

largest smooth muscle cells

A

gravid uterus

49
Q

contraction of smooth muscle

A
  1. sliding of thick/thin filaments generate tension on intermediate filaments
  2. thin/intermediate filaments attach to dense bodies of the sarcolemma and corkscrew as the fibers contract slowly
  3. more intense contractions
50
Q

smooth muscle tone

A

state of continued partial contraction allowed for by the prolonged presence of calcium ions

51
Q

neuromuscular disease

A

problems involving somatic motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions, muscle fibers

52
Q

myopathy

what is myopathy a symptom of?

A

disfunction of muscle fibers causing muscle weakness

  • signifies a disease or disorder of the skeletal muscle tissue itself
53
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder characterized by great muscular weakness

  • caused by antibodies directed against ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction
  • more ACh receptors are affected as the disease progresses
  • muscles become increasingly weaker
54
Q

muscular dystrophies

A

inherited muscle destroying diseases that are characterized by degeneration of individual muscle fibers

  • leads to progressive atrophy of the skeletal muscle
  • most common: duchenne musc dys.

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (25 decks)

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