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Anatomy & Physiology > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What waves are from 8-13 Hz and are visible in people with their eyes closed, but they are awake and relaxed?

A

Alpha Waves

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2
Q

What is the average frequency and amplitude of alpha waves?

A

Frequency: 8-13 Hz
Amplitude: 30-50 micro-volts

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3
Q

What brain waves have a frequency of 14-30 Hz and are visible in people who are awake, alert, and are engaged in mental focus?

A

beta waves

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4
Q

What is the frequency and amplitude of beta waves?

A

Frequency: 14-30 Hz
Amplitude: < 20 micro-volts

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5
Q

Which type of waves are seen in awake children, but are not often seen in awake adults?

A

Theta Waves

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6
Q

What are the frequency and amplitude of theta waves?

A

Frequency: 4-7 Hz
Amplitude: < 30 micro-volts

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7
Q

What brain waves are associated with deep sleep or anesthesia?

A

Delta Waves

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8
Q

What is the frequency and amplitude of delta waves?

A

Frequency: 4 or less Hz
Amplitude: up to 100-200 micro-volts

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9
Q

What do delta waves indicate in awake adults?

A

Brain damage

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10
Q

What is the frequency of gamma waves?

A

30-50 Hz

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11
Q

_________ is the highest state of consciousness and cortical activity, and _____ is the most depressed

A

Alertness; Coma

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12
Q

The inhibition of which system in the brain stem puts the cerebral cortex to sleep via the pre optic nucleus?

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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13
Q

What are the “wake up” chemicals?

A

Orexins

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14
Q

What releases orexins before we wake up?

A

The hypothalamic neurons

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15
Q

What are sudden increases in wave amplitude in stage 2 sleep?

A

Sleep spindles and K complexes

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16
Q

What type of sleep does alcohol and some sleep medications (barbiturates and others) suppress?

A

Rapid Eye Movement stage of sleep (REM)

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17
Q

What type of sleep does alcohol and some sleep medications (barbiturates and others) NOT suppress?

A

Slow-wave sleep

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18
Q

Aphasia

A

The inability to produce coherent language

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19
Q

Which area of the brain is involved in speaking language, but not necessarily understanding it?

A

Broca’s Area

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20
Q

Which brain are is associated with understanding language and producing sentences that are structured with logical thought?

A

Wernicke’s Area

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21
Q

What is the memory associated with the ability to repeat the same muscle movements?

A

Motor Memory

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22
Q

What is the type of memory that athletes practice most every day? For example, ride a bike in the same way every time so that they can cover a distance in the fastest time they possibly can

A

Motor Memory

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23
Q

Which area of the brain do we use to know what we are doing within our environment (consciousness), how we initiate activity in response to our environment, and make judgements about what occurs in our daily lives?

A

Frontal lobe

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24
Q

What part of the brain do we use for location for visual attention as well as goal directed voluntary movement and manipulation of objects?

A

Parietal Lobe

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25
Q

what brain area deals with mainly vision as well as the ability to locate objects and identify colors?

A

Occipital lobe

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26
Q

Which brain area controls hearing ability, memory acquisition, and visual perceptions?

A

Temporal lobe

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27
Q

What two brain areas control vision reflexes and coordination of voluntary movement, respectively?

A

Brain stem; cerebellum

28
Q

What is inattentive blindness?

A

When someone is distracted and becomes “blinded” to sensory information they would likely process without distraction

Ex: gorilla in basketball video

29
Q

Spinal Accessory nerve (XI) (motor) innervates where?

A

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

30
Q

Vagus nerve (X) (both motor and sensory) innervates where?

A

both motor and sensory fibers to the visceral body organs

31
Q

Where does the Phrenic nerve innervate?

A

The Diaphragm (muscles to control breathing)

32
Q

Which nerve runs from C3-C5 along the anterior scalable muscle before diving into the thorax to pass between the lungs and heart?

A

The Phrenic Nerve

33
Q

Where does the Axillary nerve innervate?

A

Deltoid and teres minor muscles

34
Q

Where does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles

35
Q

Which muscle innervates the triceps brachii and all muscles of the posterior forearm, and sensation to lateral posterior surface of the hand?

A

The Radial Nerve

36
Q

Where does the radial nerve innervate?

A

The radial groove of the humerus bone

37
Q

Sensation to the lateral anterior hand is caused by the _________ nerve

A

Median

38
Q

Sensation to the anterior and posterior medial hand is caused by _______ nerve

A

Ulnar

39
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus

40
Q

Where does the Long Thoracic Nerve innervate?

A

Serratus anterior muscle

41
Q

Where does the Femoral Nerve innervate?

A

Recuts femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius muscles

42
Q

Obturator nerve causes what?

A

Sensation to the medial thigh

43
Q

Where does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

The obturator foramen of the hip

44
Q

Adaptation

A

Refers to the process by which a sensory system becomes insensitive to a continuing source of stimulation

45
Q

Do tactile receptors adapt quickly or slowly?

A

Quickly

Ex: skin receptors adapt to clothes

46
Q

What is the name of the structure that performs the overwhelming majority of the refraction done by the eye to focus light on the retina?

A

Cornea

47
Q

What is it called when the aqueous humor does not adequately drain and this pressure increases in the eye until even the retina and optic nerve can be compressed and damaged?

A

Glaucoma

48
Q

What is it called when light is bent due to changing speed as it enters a structure that has a density that is different than what it was previously traveling through.

A

Refraction

49
Q

How does the density difference between the cornea and the lens focus light on the retina?

A

The more bulged or thickened the lens, the more it bends light

50
Q

How do our pupils react to looking at a distant object?

A

They dilate to bring in as much detail and light as possible since they rays entering the eye will NOT be divergent rays

51
Q

Optic Disc

A

Where the nerves and retinal blood vessels enter and exit is devoid of receptors. Often referred to as the blind spot

52
Q

What does bright light and close vision cause the pupil do to? In what direction? Which system is that activated by?

A

It causes the pupil to constrict in a clockwise movement as a result of activation by the parasympathetic system that causes the pupillary sphincter muscles to contract and the pupillary dilator muscles to relax

53
Q

What does low light and distant vision cause the pupil do to? In what direction? Which system is that activated by?

A

It causes the dilator muscles to contract (directly away from the pupil) as a result of activation by the sympathetic system. the sphincter muscles relax, and as a result, the pupil expands to let in more light

54
Q

The brain selectively blocks visual processing during what? Also called Saccadic masking

A

rapid movement of the eyes

55
Q

The perception of body position

A

Proprioception

56
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma and what percentage is formed elements?

A

55% Plasma and 45% Formed Elements

57
Q

What is plasma comprised of?

A

90% water and salts, vitamins, proteins, and cellular wastes

58
Q

The salts function as what in plasma?

A

Electrolytes and buffer pH

59
Q

What is Chronic granulocytic/lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Refers to the overproduction of white blood cells in the bone marrow

60
Q

What are the main two symptoms of chronic granulocytic leukemia?

A

Fatigue and abdominal pain

61
Q

What is Sickle-cell anemia?

A

A genetic disease that causes the body to produce abnormal erythrocytes (RBCs)

62
Q

What can occur in the blood passages as a result of sickle-cell anemia?

A

The blood flow will be reduced due to the sickle shape blocking small blood passages like capillaries. This leads to injury and death of tissue

63
Q

What is the nickname for type O blood?

A

Universal donor

64
Q

What is the nickname for AB blood?

A

Universal Receiver

65
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

66
Q

This only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is via the ____________?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

67
Q

What is the equation to get stroke volume?

A

EDV-ESV=SV

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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