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Anatomy & Physiology > Lab 7 (320) > Flashcards

Lab 7 (320) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

To release carbon dioxide from the body and acquire oxygen for use by the body

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2
Q

What are the four steps of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Transport of Respiratory Gases
  4. Internal Respiration
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3
Q

What does the nose do?

A
  • warms and moistens entering air
  • provides a resonating chamber for vocalizations
  • cleans and filters the entering air
  • houses the olfactory receptors
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4
Q

What lining of a small portion of the superior nasal cavity contains the receptors for smell?

A

Olfactory mucosa epithelium

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5
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa composed of that has goblet cells and seromucous nasal glands?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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6
Q

The respiratory mucosa epithelial cells secrete ______ _______ to assist in killing microbial invaders

A

Antibiotic defensins

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7
Q

What triggers a sneeze reflex?

A

When irritants (dust or pollen) contacts the rich supply of sensory nerve endings in the nasal cavity

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8
Q

The ______ _______ increase surface area and help create turbulence which deflects non-gaseous partials onto the mucus coatings

A

Nasal conchae

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9
Q

Paranasal sinuses are located where?

A

In the frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and ethmoid bones

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10
Q

What happens when our sinuses are inflamed (sinusitis)?

A

Addition mucus is produced and can block the openings between the sinuses and the nasal cavity

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11
Q

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa leads to what two things?

A

Congestion and Post-nasal drip

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12
Q

When this thing is swollen, they can block air passage and force the patient to breathe through the mouth which decreases the warming, filtering, and humidifying effect on the air compared to air brought into the nose.

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

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13
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

The site of external respiration (where gas is exchanged) and is made up of the microscopic alveoli, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

What is the main site of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

The alveoli

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15
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

It consists of all of the tubes transporting air from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles.

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16
Q

What happens to the air as it passes through the conducting zone?

A

The air is humidified, warmed, and filtered/cleansed

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17
Q

Where do the vocal cords live?

A

In the larynx

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18
Q

The laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage is also known as what that is more prominent in males?

A

Adam’s apple

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19
Q

What acts as an anchor for the vocal folds?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

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20
Q

Why should liquids be given orally to a patient who is unconscious?

A

Because anything other than air entering the larynx will generate a cough reflex

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21
Q

What is the only part of the respiratory system that does not have cilia?

A

Alveolar sacs

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22
Q

What is Laryngitis?

A

It is an inflammation of the vocal folds causing them to swell and vibrate incorrectly

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23
Q

What is laryngitis commonly caused by?

A

Viral infection

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24
Q

What is it called when the vocal folds completely close over the glottis to stop air passage, such as when trying to defecate. The abdominal muscles contract, and the glottis closes to increase the intra-abdominal pressure to help empty the rectum?

A

Valsalva maneuver

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25
Q

Which law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume?

A

Boyle’s law

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26
Q

What muscle that lies between the esophagus and the trachea aids the movement of air and mucus out of the lungs nad trachea during coughing?

A

The trachealis muscle

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27
Q

Each lobe of the lung is fed by ____ secondary (lobar) bronchus (3 on the right and 2 on the left)

A

One

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28
Q

What is a cluster of alveoli coming off an alveolar duct made up of walls of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells called?

A

Alveolar sac

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29
Q

Ventilation

A

The amount of gas reaching the alveoli

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30
Q

Perfusion

A

The blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries

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31
Q

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

A close match (coupling) between ventilation and perfusion so that gas exchange is done most efficiently

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32
Q

The entire bronchial tree including alveoli, is surrounded by fine ________ fibers

A

Elastic

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33
Q

what in the alveoli keep us heathy by destroying pathogens?

A

Macrophages

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34
Q

Where do macrophages go once they are too aged to function?

A

They get swept to the pharynx by cilia for disposal

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35
Q

What will you find in the Mediastinum?

A

The heart, great vessels, esophagus, bronchi, and other organs (NOT the lungs)

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36
Q

what is termed as inflammation of the pleura and is often a result of pneumonia?

A

Pleurisy

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37
Q

The stretchiness of the lungs is called?

A

Lung compliance

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38
Q

The pulmonary circuit is ____ pressure and _____ volume.

A

Low; high

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39
Q

What do the lungs help regulate in the renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway?

A

Blood pressure

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40
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760 mmHg

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41
Q

Intrapleural pressure is always slightly _____ than intrapulmonary pressure

A

Less

42
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure

43
Q

What is the term for the partial or complete collapse of a lung?

A

Atelectasis

44
Q

_________ is a common treatment for acute asthma attacks as it is an agonist for beta adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system that stimulate dilation of the bronchioles

A

albuterol

45
Q

What is used to measure airflow during spirometry?

A

Pneumotachometer

46
Q

What is a specific volume of air is drawn into and then expired from the lungs?

A

Tidal volume (TV or VT)

47
Q

What is the product of f and VT?

A

The expired minute volume (MV or VE) or minute ventilation

48
Q

What is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a full expiration that CANNOT be measured by spirometry?

A

Residual volume (RV)

49
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Obtained by inspiring as deeply and rapidly as possible

50
Q

Forced Vital capacity

A

expiring as deeply and rapidly as possible

51
Q

Forced vital capacity in the first second is presented as a percentage

A

FEV1/FVC

52
Q

A healthy individual can typically exhale ___% of the forced vital capacity in the first second of exhalation

A

80

53
Q

What are the fundamental measures in lung volumes and capacities?

A

Anything that ends with a V is a fundamental measure

54
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

A

The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases will equal the sum of the partial pressures exerted independently by each of the gases in the mixture

55
Q

Henry’s Law

A

When a gas is in the presence of a liquid, the gas will dissolve into the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. The larger the concentration of this independent gas in the mixture of gases in the gas phase, the greater and more rapidly that independent gas will go into the solution in the liquid

56
Q

What is the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration? (You cannot expell this gas, so it can’t be measured via spirometry)

A

Residual Volume

57
Q

Inspiratory Capacity equation

A

IC = VT + IRV

58
Q

Expiratory capacity equation

A

EC = VT + ERV

59
Q

Vital Capacity Equation

A

VC = IRC + ERV + VT

60
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

FRC = ERV + RV

61
Q

Total Lung Capacity Equation

A

TLC = VC + RV

62
Q

What is the extra air you can fit into your lungs on top of what is normally there called?
Ex: breathing in to prepare to blow out your birthday candles

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

63
Q

The amount of air you breathe out of your reserves after title expiration is what?
Ex: blowing candles out and using extra air to blow out the one candle you missed

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

64
Q

What is the average Tidal Volume (VT or TV) for adult females and males?

A

500mL

65
Q

Do men or women have higher average respiratory volumes and capacities?

A

Men

66
Q

Hyperbaric Oxygen

A

Chambers contain oxygen at partial pressures, higher than what we are normally exposed to in the atmosphere, and can thus be used to drive oxygen into the blood of patients deficient in oxygen such as suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning

67
Q

surface area for gas exchange in the lungs is huge and the distance between the blood and the air in the alveoli is only about _ _____thick, allowing for rapid exchange of gases

A

2 cells

68
Q

Is oxygen greatly or poorly soluble in water?

A

Poorly soluble

69
Q

_____________ is made up of four iron-containing heme groups each bound to a polypeptide chain subunit

A

Hemoglobin

70
Q

Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is ______ and _____________.

A

Rapid; Reversible

71
Q

Increasing partial pressures of carbon dioxide weakening the hemoglobin-oxygen bond is termed the _____ ______?

A

Bohr Effect

72
Q

At sea level and in the alveoli, is nitrogen or oxygen more prevalent?

A

Nitrogen!

Nitrogen is 78.6% atmosphere and 74.9% alveoli
Oxygen is 20.9% atmosphere and 13.7% alveoli

73
Q

Which binds carbon dioxide more readily: deoxygenated hemoglobin or oxygen hemoglobin?

A

Deoxygenated hemoglobin

74
Q

the less smog login is saturated with oxygen the more readily it binds carbon dioxide and can bind hydrogen ions to buffer carbon dioxide transport as bicarbonate. This is called the _______ effect.

A

Haldane

75
Q

Hypoxia

A

An inadequate oxygen delivery to the body tissues and is classified based on cause

76
Q

Anemic hypoxia

A

Poor oxygen delivery due to erythrocytes that contain too little or abnormal hemoglobin or from too few erythrocytes

77
Q

Ischemic hypoxia

A

Results from blocked or impaired blood circulation

78
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

Results when adequate oxygen is delivered but the body cells are unable to use it such as is the case when metabolic poisons (cyanide) are administered

79
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

Indicated when the partial pressure of dissolved oxygen in the arteriole blood is low and is commonly caused by disordered ventilation-perfusion coupling, pathological pulmonary ventilation impairment, and breathing air deficient in oxygen

80
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

A type of hypoxemic hypoxia often caused by breathing smoke from fire or inhaling fumes of combustion

81
Q

What is a rhythm generating and integration center for breathing which, to initiate inspiration, sends action potentials down the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles

A

Ventral respiratory group

82
Q

Eupnea

A

The clinical term for normal breathing rate (about 15 breaths per minute)

83
Q

What is an integration center for signals from peripheral stretch receptors (such as the lungs) and chemoreceptors (like on the aortic arch or brain stem) that alters the breathing rate as ________ responds by signaling to the ventral respiratory group

A

Dorsal respiratory group

84
Q

what center modifies and fine-tunes breathing rhythms, and specifically smooths the alternating transitions between inspiration and expiration and vice versa?

A

Pontine respiratory center

85
Q

Hypecapnia

A

The clinical term for high carbon dioxide levels in the blood

86
Q

Hyperpnea

A

An increase in breathing rate and depth based on metabolic need

87
Q

Involuntary hyperventilation is different from hyperpnea because the increase of breathing rate is not based on ______ _________?

A

Metabolic need

88
Q

Hypoapnia

A

Low carbon dioxide levels

89
Q

Alkalosis

A

High blood pH

90
Q

Hypocapnea and alkalosis causes cerebral blood vessels to ________ thus decreasing perfusion and increasing ischemia to the brain resulting in dizziness or fainting.

A

Constrict

91
Q

Apnea

A

The clinical term for breathing cessation

92
Q

Elevated body temperature _________ ventilation while depressed body temperature __________ ventilation

A

Increases; Decreases

93
Q

Exercising will produce _________ to bring in oxygen for muscle use and move the excess carbon dioxide generated by the working muscles

A

Hyperpnea

94
Q

What is used to screen patients for obstructive pulmonary disease such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)?

A

Spirometry

95
Q

Dyspnea

A

The clinical term for difficult or labored breathing an is a symptom of COPD

96
Q

Hypoventilation

A

The clinical term for inadequate ventilation to meet metabolic needs thus resulting in retained carbon dioxide

97
Q

Emphysema

A

Characterized by permanent enlargement of the alveoli due to the destruction of the alveolar walls

98
Q

What is the typical cause of emphysema?

A

Smoking

99
Q

Other than smoking, what hereditary factor may cause emphysema?

A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

100
Q

Asthma

A

Characterized by dyspnea, coughing, chest tightness, and/or wheezing accompanied by a sense of panic as the patient will generally feel that they are about to suffocate

101
Q

Allergic asthma

A

The most common presentation and involves an initial active inflammation of the airways even before bronchospasms set in

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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