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Anatomy & Physiology > Final Exam - Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Final Exam - Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the interstitial fluid in the ICF or ECF?

A

ECF

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2
Q

What percent of infants is water?

A

75%

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3
Q

What is the purpose of electrolytes?

A

To maintain an electrical neutrality in cells

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4
Q

Electrolytes generate an ______ _______ in nerves or muscles

A

Action potential

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5
Q

What are the three hormones in the thirst mechanism?

A

-ADH
-Aldosterone
-angiotensin II

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6
Q

Regulation of water balance is governed by what type of feedback mechanism?

A

High-gain feedback mechanism

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7
Q

what do osmoregulators do?

A

Sense plasma osmolality and stimulates the secretion of ADH

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8
Q

Aquaporion 2 water channels move into the membrane of collecting ducts. What happens to the level of water reabsorption as a result?

A

Increases

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9
Q

What happens if the three main hormones in the thirst mechanism are disrupted?

A

Leads to a defect in the thirst mechanism

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10
Q

What is a function of the adrenal gland?

A

Produce aldosterone hormone (after the stimulation by angiotensin II)

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11
Q

What are the three types of protein buffers?

A

Albumins, globulins, and hemoglobin

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12
Q

If the blood pH is too high/alkaline (alkalosis), what will the effect on bicarbonate be?

A

It will increase the excretion of bicarbonate (reduce bicarbonate)

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13
Q

Na+ is abundant where in relation to the cell?

A

Outside

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14
Q

If one of the resistant pressures is increased, wat would the NFP do?

A

It would decrease

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15
Q

What keeps you wanting to drink water until late?

A

High-gain feedback mechanism

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16
Q

An incraese in blood osmolality —> dry mouth —> stimulates thirst center in the hypothalamus —> increase in ______ —> h20 taken in —> _____ in blood osmolality

A

Thirst; decrease

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17
Q

Decrease in blood volume —> increase in __________ —> stimulates thirst center in hypothalamus —> increase thirst —> h2O taken in —> decreases osmolality

A

Angiotensin II

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18
Q

Scenario A with decreased blood, decreased blood pressure, and an increase in angiotensin II is regulated by which organ?

A

The kidney

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19
Q

Scenario B that has an increase in osmolality and dry mouth is regulated by which organ?

A

The brain (hypothalamus and adrenal gland)

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20
Q

What is the backup mechanism to increase water input?

A

Thirst

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21
Q

What are considered to be insensible water loss?

A

Exhalation and sweating

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22
Q

What is considered to be a sensible water loss?

A

Urine

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23
Q

Why does the collecting duct need gates to let water through?

A

Because the cuboidal cells are thick

24
Q

What protein is used to make handles in the collecting ducts?

A

Aquaporins

25
Q

Why doesn’t ADH act on the loop of henle?

A

Squamous epithelium is thin and water moves via diffusion

26
Q

he body producing more ADH leads to which one? Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation

A

Vasoconstriction

27
Q

short term would be scenario B and is controlled by

A

ADH

28
Q

long term is the control for scenario A and it is controlled by ?

A

Angiotensin and aldosterone (RAAS)

29
Q

In the regulation of BP, where does renin come from?

A

Kidney

30
Q

In the BP regulation, where does ACE come from?

A

The lungs

31
Q

In regulation of BP, where does angiotensinogen come from?

A

The liver

32
Q

Which structure produces aldosterone?

A

Adrenal gland

33
Q

What are the most important electrolytes in the body?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

34
Q

do Na+, Cl-, and K+ affect the heart and muscle contractions?

A

Yes they are very important in these places

35
Q

If you get too little Na+, what are the side effects?

A

Dizziness, nausea, affect heart beat, seizures, muscle cramps

36
Q

What helps maintain blood volume (hydration), nerve impulse generation, muscle contraction, acid base balance in the body?

A

Na+

37
Q

What happens if you get too much Na+?

A

Hypertension, nausea

38
Q

What promotes membrane potential, nerve impulse generation, muscle contraction, acid-base balance in the body?

A

K+

39
Q

What happens if you get too little K+?

A

Muscle cramps, apathy, loss of appetite, irregular heartbeat

40
Q

What happens if you get too much K+?

A

Cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac failure

41
Q

aldosterone (increases/decreases) the reabsorption of sodium

A

Increases

42
Q

What two things do RAAS regulate?

A

BP and Na+&K+ concentration

43
Q

Which line of defense is the fastest mechanism?

A

Respiratory

44
Q

Which line of defense is the slowest?

A

Urinary

45
Q

If acidosis occurs, what is the sequence of events?

A
  1. Chemical buffer
  2. Respiratory
  3. Urinary
46
Q

What is the job of a buffer solution?

A

To resist a change in pH

47
Q

For phosphate buffer remember what?

A

Di sodium phosphate

48
Q

True or False: neither the lungs nor the kidneys have much influence over the protein buffer

A

True

49
Q

Someone has acidosis and the chemical buffer system failed, but respiratory did the job, which system do you need now?

A

None because respiratory did the job

50
Q

In Alkalosis, you want to decrease respiration rate to ______ CO2 and _______ carbonic acid and ______ pH

A

Increase; increase; lower

51
Q

In acidosis, you want to increase respiration rate to ___ CO2, _____ carbonic acid, and ______ pH

A

Decrease; decrease; increase

52
Q

Which line of defense acts as the metabolic buffer?

A

Urinary system

53
Q

Will acidosis stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate or not?

A

Yes

54
Q

If you have enough bicarbonate and no acidosis, is it wise for the boys to reabsorb more bicarbonate?

A

No

55
Q

If you get too much CO2 your blood become overly _________

A

Acidic

56
Q

What occurs when there is a primary bicarbonate deficiency

A

The blood is too acidic

57
Q

What is an example of primary bicarbonate excess?

A

Cushing’s disease

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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