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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 3 Stars & Blue > Flashcards

Exam 3 Stars & Blue Flashcards

1
Q

What is External Respiration?

A

O2 is taken up by the capillaries of the lung alveoli and CO2 is released from the blood

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2
Q

What is Internal Respiration?

A

O2 is released to the tissues and CO2 is absorbed by the blood

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3
Q

what is Cellular Respiration?

A

Within the cell’s mitochondria, O2 is utilized in metabolic processes to produce energy, water, and waste (like CO2)

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4
Q

which part of the pharynx is where air and food mix?

A

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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5
Q

Why is the trachea a C shape?

A

It leaves room for food going down the esophagus

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is in the trachea that branches into bronchi?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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7
Q

Is there cartilage in the bronchi?

A

Yes!

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8
Q

Cuboidal epithelium, complete later of smooth muscle, and no cartilage are characteristics of what?

A

Bronchioles

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9
Q

Which cells are responsible for gas exchange in the alveolar sac?

A

AT1

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10
Q

AT2 cells produce what?

A

surfactant and AT1 cells

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11
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscle? Inspiration or Expiration?

A

Expiration

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12
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A

Inspiration

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13
Q

During inspiration, is air pressure in the lung higher or lower than atmospheric pressure?

A

Lower (it is Called negative pressure)

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14
Q

T/f: during expiration, air pressure in the lungs is 700 mmHg?

A

false. It should be higher than 760 mmHg

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15
Q

The 4 forces acting on Lungs

A

1) Muscles
2) Lung compliance ( = Elasticity)
3) airway resistance
4) surfactant

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16
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Reduce friction and break up water molecules to prevent collapsed lung

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17
Q

Work of breathing is increased when…

A
  • Pulmonary compliance is decreased
  • elastic recoil is decreased
  • resistance is increased
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18
Q

Can we reach 100% saturation of oxygen on an RBC?

A

No because small amounts of hemoglobin is needed to carry CO2

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19
Q

Which factors will move the O2 dissociation curve to the right?

A
  • lower pH
  • higher Temperature
  • higher DPG
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20
Q

What does shifting to the right mean on an O2 dissociation curve?

A

Higher affinity

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21
Q

What does shifting to the left on an O2 dissociation curve mean?

A

Lower affinity

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22
Q

CO2 is transported by what 3 forms?

A

1) dissolved CO2 (7-10%)
2) CO2 bound to Hemoglobin = carbinohemoglobin (20%)
3) Bicarbonate (HCO3 = 70%)

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23
Q

somebody has a defect in their hemoglobin (anemia). does this affect O2 or CO2?

A

It affects both

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24
Q

what is the enzyme in red blood cells that catalyzes the chemical reaction from CO2+H20 to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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25
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system?

A

Upper and lower

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26
Q

True or false: the trachea is part of the upper respiratory system

A

false, it is the first part of the lower respiratory system. The larynx is the lowest segment of the upper respiratory system

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27
Q

What are the bones of the para-nasal sinuses?

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

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28
Q

if sinuses are closed at birth, can the baby still breathe?

A

Yes

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29
Q

What are the functions of the para-nasal sinuses?

A
  1. To lighten the skull
  2. Help warm and moisten air
30
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Connects pharynx to trachea
  2. Regulates volume of air
  3. Produces voice
31
Q

what happens if we close the bronchi?

A

There will be a decrease in the level of blood to the brain that will lead to brain damage

32
Q

what is the function of of the pulmonary arteries?

A

Blood supply to the lungs with oxygenated blood

33
Q

What is the function of Bronchial arteries?

A

Blood supply to the lungs for lung tissue nourishment

34
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Air enters the lungs

35
Q

What is expiration?

A

Air leaves the lungs

36
Q

In the external intercostal muscles during Inhalation, which way do the ribs and volume move?

A

Ribs elevate and volume increases

37
Q

inhalation is an ________ process

A

Active

38
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura membranes (line lungs and chest cavity)

39
Q

What does Boyle’s Law say about pressure and volume?

A

They are inversely related

40
Q

Pressure x Volume = Constant follows Boyle’s law as does P1V1 = P2V2…. Constant. What is P1V1 and P2V2?

A

P1V1 is inhalation and P2V2 is exhalation

41
Q

As volume increases, pressure decreases is true for what?

A

Inhalation

42
Q

As volume decreases, pressure increases is true for what?

A

Exhalation

43
Q

What is the constant value of atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mmHg

44
Q

What are the three pressure types that influence ventilation?

A

1) atmospheric pressure
2) intra-alveolar pressure
3) intra-pleural pressure

45
Q

What are the three types/conditions of intra-pulmonary pressures relative to atmospheric pressure?

A
  • negative respiratory pressure (< Patm)
  • Positive respiratory pressure (> Patm)
  • Zero respiratory pressure (= Patm)
46
Q

Patm = Pb
Intra-pulmonary pressure = Pi

What should be the relationship between the two at rest with mouth open?

A

Pb = Pi = 0

47
Q

How long does air flow down the pressure gradient in inhalation?

A

Until Pi = Pb

48
Q

How long does air flow down the pressure gradient in Exhalation?

A

Until Pi = Pb again

49
Q

Transport of O2 from lung to tissue =

A

Internal Repiration

50
Q

What is passive transport also called?

A

Diffusion

51
Q

The amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin is ______ related to the partial pressure of O2 (PO2)

A

Directly

52
Q

A high pO2 decreases the affinity for CO2 =

A

Haldane Effect

53
Q

Which body system is associated with MALT and Pyer Patches?

A

The lymphatic system

54
Q

Why does the digestive system not move when you bend over to pick something up?

A

It is due to the parietal peritoneum and visual peritoneum holding the organs in place

55
Q

Layers of the GI tract from inside to outside

A

Epithelium -> Laminate Propria -> Muscularis Mucosa -> Submucosa ->. Muscularis externa

56
Q

What three layers make up the mucosa?

A

epithelium, laminate propria, Muscularis mucosa

57
Q

What is another name for the Serosa?

A

Peritoneum

58
Q

Why are enzymes not in the pharynx or esophagus?

A

Because those organs do only mechanical digestion

59
Q

What is the major site of digestion in the body?

A

The first part of the small intestine (Duodenum)

60
Q

What are the 2nd and 3rd part of the small intestine for?

A

Absorption

61
Q

Is peristalsis voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

62
Q

Is there peristalsis in the small intestine?

A

No, segmentation is done there

63
Q

What two phases of Deglutition (swallowing + peristalsis) do only peristalsis?

A

Pharyngeal and Esophageal phases

64
Q

What are the 4types of cells in the gastric pits of the stomach?

A
  1. Parietal cells
  2. Chief cells
  3. Mucous neck cells
  4. entero-endocrine cells
65
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

HCl and sodium bicarbonate

66
Q

What do Chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsin in the inactive form of Pepsinogen

67
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete? What does it protect?

A

It produces acidic mucus that is different from the mucus secreted by goblet cells. It protects the inner lining of the stomach from HCl

68
Q

What do enter-endocrine cells produce?

A

Gastrin and histamine

69
Q

What is gastric motility caused by? What is it controlled by?

A

it is caused by the Stomach Muscles and it is controlled by the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

70
Q

What is described as going from the brain through peripheral nerves (vagus and spinal nerves)?

A

ENS input

71
Q

What regulates secretion and sensation within the gut?

A

ENS (Enteric Nervous System)

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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