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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 2- Lectures 14-16 > Flashcards

Exam 2- Lectures 14-16 Flashcards

BIOL 320

1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

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2
Q

How does the pulmonary circuit move blood?

A

from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart

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3
Q

How does the systemic circuit move blood?

A

from the left side of the heart to the head and body, and back to the right side of the heart

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4
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

tunica externa (adventitia), tunica media, and tunica intima

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5
Q

Which layer of the blood vessels contains elastic and smooth muscle tissues and regulates the internal diameter of the blood vessel?

A

tunica media

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6
Q

which layer of the blood vessel provides support and shape to the blood vessel?

A

tunica externa

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7
Q

What type of cells and muscle does the tunica intima have?

A

endothelial cells and some smooth muscle

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8
Q

How many layers of endothelial cells do capillaries have and why?

A

one layer of endothelial cells for gas exchange

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9
Q

Why is the artery close to the heart elastic and not muscular?

A

elastic arteries are highly exposed to strong pumping and can expand easily

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10
Q

Why are the arteries in the leg muscular and not elastic?

A

muscular arteries pump blood more strongly than elastic arteries do. Muscular arteries in the leg are farther from the heart, so the blood being pumped up from the leg required a stronger artery to pump it against gravity

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11
Q

Which type of artery is made primarily of smooth muscle and elastic tissue and are the LARGEST arteries in the body?

A

elastic artery

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12
Q

Which type of artery is made more predominantly with smooth muscle than it is elastic fibers and supplies blood to tissues via vasoconstriction?

A

Muscular artery

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13
Q

Do arterioles vasodilate or vasoconstrict?

A

they vasoconstrict

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14
Q

What are arterioles?

A

little connectors that connect muscular arteries to artery beds/capillaries

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15
Q

Arterioles + metarterioles + venules + capillary beds = ???

A

Capillary Beds

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16
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

They arise from a terminal arteriole and branch to supply blood to a capillary bed

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17
Q

What is the function of metarterioles?

A

They function as sphincters to control blood flow to the tissues based on the need of the tissues

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18
Q

Where are Fenestrated Capillaries found?

A

Found in the kidney and lungs

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19
Q

What does fenestrated mean? why do they have them?

A

Pores; they have them because the endothelial cell junction is not tight

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20
Q

Do continuous capillaries have pores? why?

A

no, because the endothelial cell junctions can be very tight

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21
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

in the brain

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22
Q

Where are Sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

the liver, marrow, spleen

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23
Q

What does coronary artery disease lead to?

A

heart attack

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24
Q

What are examples of diseases related to circulation?

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • carotid artery disease
  • peripheral artery disease
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25
Q

Factors that affect how well the blood can move throughout the body

A
  1. Blood Pressure
  2. Resistance
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26
Q

What are the factors of blood flow resistance?

A
  • viscosity
  • blood vessel length
  • blood vessel diameter
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27
Q

Where would you find Laminar flow?

A

small diameter pipes like Capillaries

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28
Q

Where would you find Turbulent flow?

A

in large diameter pipes like arteries

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29
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Q = (P2-P1)/R

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30
Q

What type of blood flow is Poiseuille’s law for?

A

Laminar

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31
Q

How do you calculate R (resistance) in Poiseuille’s Law?

A

R = 8nl/pi*r^4

32
Q

What does n stand for in Poiseuille’s Law?

A

blood viscosity

33
Q

What does l stand for in Poiseuille’s Law?

A

length of blood vessel (tube)

34
Q

What does pi stand for in Poiseuille’s Law?

A

3.14159

35
Q

What does r stand for in Poiseuille’s Law?

A

radius of the blood vessel

36
Q

What factors are Inversely proportional to blood flow in Poiseuille’s Law?

A
  • resistance
  • viscosity
  • length of vessel
37
Q

What factors are Directly proportional to blood flow in Poiseuille’s Law?

A
  • vessel diameter
  • pressure
38
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A

Blood input = blood output

39
Q

There is an (increase/decrease) in cardiac output when there is an increase in venous return ( the amount of blood returned back to the heart from tissue)?

A

increase

40
Q

Which organ is the biggest consumer of blood in the body?

A

the muscles

41
Q

What percent of cardiac output do the skeletal muscles use at rest? what about during exercise?

A

at rest = 20%
during exercise = 80%

42
Q

during contraction, blood vessels within the muscle are compressed, resulting in _______ arterial flow. What happens to the inflow upon relaxation?

A

lower; increased

43
Q

The presence of what structure feature is the reason that the blood can pass only in one direction back towards the heart?

A

one way valves

44
Q

Cranial Brain Fluid = how many mL/min and what percent is of the cardiac output is it?

A

750mL/min and it is 15% of the cardiac output

45
Q

is blood flow to the brain constant?

A

YES

46
Q

What is the highest consumer of blood? what is the second highest? what percent do they consume?

A
  1. Muscles = 20-80%
  2. Brain = 15%
47
Q

What are the three mechanisms that control cerebral autoregulation?

A
  1. Neurogenic Regulation
  2. Metabolic Control
    3.Myogenic Regulation
48
Q

What controls the vascular smooth muscle in arterioles in neurogenic regulation?

A

Sympathetic innervation

49
Q

what is released by parasympathetic fibers in neurogenic regulation?

A

nitric oxide

50
Q

What maintains blood vessel opening and closing in neurogenic regulation?

A

the sympathetic and parasympathetic

51
Q

What type of feedback system is Metabolic control?

A

negative feedback that seeks to balance blood flow to its demand

52
Q

What does the brain need food/oxygen for?

A

function ONLY

53
Q

What does the detection of BP changes in myogenic regulation? what type of mechanism is that?

A

Vascular smooth muscle; stress sensing mechanism

54
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

SBP-DBP

55
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure formula

A

DBP+ (SBP-DBP/3)

56
Q

What does any change in the body do to MAP?

A

a change in BP –> a change in MAP –> a change in amount of blood reaching the brain

57
Q

What does an increase in MAP mean?

A

an increase in MAP –> less blood reaching the brain –> a continuous headache

58
Q

Short-term (rapid) regulation uses what to detect pressure changes?

A

baroreceptors

59
Q

Pathway of increased arterial pressure (BP)

A

increased BP –> increased baroreceptor activity –> increased number of afferent impulses toward the cardiovascular center –> an increase in PSNS activity and a decrease in SNS activity –> decrease in cardiac output and vasodilation to reduce blood pressure

60
Q

Pathway of decreased arterial pressure (BP)

A

decreased BP –> decreased baroreceptor activity –> decreased number of afferent impulses toward the cardiovascular center –> a decrease in PSNS activity and an increase in SNS activity –> increase in cardiac output and vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

61
Q

What are the two mechanisms for Long-term regulation?

A
  1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
  2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
62
Q

What produces Aldosterone?

A

The Anterior Pituitary

63
Q

Where does aldosterone act?

A

it acts on kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)

64
Q

If you have low BP do you want more or less salt from the kidney?

A

more

65
Q

What is another word for Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? What does it do?

A

Vasopressin; it can control BP

66
Q

What is ADH release triggered by?

A
  • an increase in plasma osmolarity
  • A reduction in blood volume
67
Q

What does ADH bind to a specific receptor to do?

A

increase water reabsorption in Kidney collecting ducts

68
Q

What is the origin of blood vessels?

A

all layers, including endothelium lining, are mesodermal in origin

69
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Vessels arise by calescence (organization) of angioblasts
-are large in diameter

70
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Vessels sprout from existing vessels

71
Q

What major vessels are formed by vasculogenesis?

A

dorsal aorta and cardinal veins

72
Q

Hypotension definition

A

low BP = systolic pressure less than 100mmHg

73
Q

What is an example of hypotension? what is the likely cause?

A

the head rush you get after standing up suddenly; poor nutrition

74
Q

hypertension definition

A

high BP = systolic pressure more than 130mmHg

75
Q

What is the MAJOR cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke?

A

Hypertension

76
Q

What is CNS Ischemic response?

A

changes in BP in response to a lack of blood flow to the medulla oblongata

77
Q

What can happen if CNS Ischemic response is longe than a few minutes?

A

Death

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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