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Anatomy & Physiology > Final Exam - Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Final Exam - Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the structure of the kidney (outer to inner)?

A
  1. Adipose capsule
  2. Renal capsule
  3. Renal cortex
  4. Renal medulla
  5. Renal pelvis
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2
Q

Where does the nephron exist?

A

Part in the renal medulla and part in the renal cortex

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3
Q

Where are the glomeruli (part of the nephron) located?

A

In the renal cortex

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4
Q

Which part of the nephron is for filtration?

A

Glomerulus

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5
Q

What are the two things that will NOT be filtered in the afferent arteriole (glomerulus)?

A

No blood cells or plasma proteins will be filtered because they are too large

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6
Q

Where is the reabsorption of glucose done in the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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7
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb everything EXCEPT:

A

Water and the majority of minerals (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-)

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8
Q

Which part of the loop of henle is water reabsorbed?

A

The descending loop

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9
Q

Where does the majority of mineral reabsorption take place in the nephron?

A

The Ascending loop of Henle (wide) and Distal convoluted tubules

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10
Q

Where is reabsorption of most NaCl?

A

distal convoluted tubules

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11
Q

Which layer of Bowman’s Capsule has Podocyes?

A

The visceral layer

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12
Q

Is the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule the innermost or outermost?

A

Innermost

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13
Q

all parts of the nephron except for the loop of henle have what type of epithelium?

A

Cubiodal epithelium

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14
Q

What type of epithelium does the descending loop of henle have?

A

Squamous

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15
Q

What apparatus acts as a sphincter?

A

Juxta-glomerular apparatus

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16
Q

What does the Juxta-glomerular apparatus do?

A

Controls how much blood goes to be filtered in Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

what are the three types of cells in the juxtaposition-glomerular apparatus?

A
  • macula densa
  • JG cells
  • mes-angial cells
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18
Q

Which type of cell does this describe?

  • chemoreceptors (NaCl)
  • found in the distal convoluted tubules
  • detect BP
  • sends messages to JG cells to open and close
A

Macula densa

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19
Q

What type of cell does this describe?
- found in the afferent arterioles
- secretes renin

A

JG cells

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20
Q

Which type of cell does this describe?
- interconnected with gap junctions
- may pass signal between macula densa and JG cells

A

Mes-angial cells

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21
Q

True or False: Renin affects bloop pressure

A

False

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22
Q

What forces the blood to filter through the glomerulus?

A

Gradient
- BP is higher in Afferent than Efferent

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23
Q

If GFR is too high…

A

Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed and are lost

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24
Q

If GFR is too low…

A

Everything is reabsorbed, including waste

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25
Q

what are the four factors that affect GFR

A
  • permeability
  • surface area
  • blood pressure
  • net filtration pressure
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26
Q

What is the net filtration equation?

A

NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)

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27
Q

What does HPg stand for?

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

28
Q

What value is HPg ALWAYS?

A

55 mmHg

29
Q

what does OPg stand for?

A

Osmotic pressure of glomerular blood

30
Q

What does HPc stand for?

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

31
Q

Which part of the net filtration pressure has serum albumin?

A

OPg

32
Q

_____ of serum albumin leads to a ______ of OPg and _______ Net filtration aka ______ filtration

A

Increase; increase; decreased; lowered

33
Q

does the neural (nervous system) control increase or decrease glomerular filtration?

A

Decrease

34
Q

Hormonal control has atrial natriuretic peptide that can (increase/decrease) glomerular filtration?

A

Increase

35
Q

If GFR is higher than normal, which mechanism will reduce it back to normal?

A

Neural control

36
Q

If you take a medicine for low GFR, which mechanism is activated?

A

Hormonal

37
Q

Reabsorption works by…

A

active or passive transport (except for water that is by diffusion)

38
Q

What percent is reabsorbed in the Proximal convoluted tubules?

A

65%

39
Q

What is reabsorbed through the Proximal convoluted tubules?

A

Na+, H2O, nutrients such as glucose

40
Q

What molecules are reabsorbed by the Ascending loop of henle?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

41
Q

What does ADH target?

A

Collecting ducts

42
Q

How the concentration of urine occurs:

A

ADH targets the collecting ducts, increasing H2O reabsorbed by opening more aquaporin water channels in the collecting ducts

43
Q

____ has acceptor in the collecting ducts and NOT in the loop of henle

A

ADH

44
Q

What is the mechanism for the concentration of urine?

A

Counter-current mechanism

45
Q

What does diuretic effect?

A

Enhance urine output

46
Q

What is an example of a substance with a diuretic effect that inhibits ADH

A

Alcohol

47
Q

What is an example of a substance that has a diuretic effect that inhibits Na+ reabsorption?

A

Caffeine (coffee)

48
Q

One patient has many podocytes in the parietal layer. Is this normal?

A

NO

49
Q

Which cells do the function of opening a faucet?

A

JG cells AFTER getting signal from the macula densa cells

50
Q

Most reabsorption in the body occurs where?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

51
Q

What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules? Loop of henle? Distal tubules?

A

Proximal: amino acids, vitamins
Loop of Henle: water
Distal: Na+ and Ca2+

52
Q

This guy has more GFR than normal, what do you expect for the effect on reabsorption?

A

Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed and are lost

53
Q

What two regulatory mechanisms of GFR are under extrinsic control?

A

Neural and Hormonal

54
Q

Which regulatory mechanism of GFR is under intrinsic control?

A

Renal autoregulation

55
Q

Serum albumin is higher than normal. Is net filtration increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

56
Q

Increased BP leads to ___________ of afferent arteriole muscles = maintain normal GFR

A

Constriction

57
Q

Decreased BP leads to ______ of afferent arterioles = maintain normal GFR

A

Dilation

58
Q

Reabsorption is _______ regulated

A

Hormonally

59
Q

Na+ is controlled by atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) and what other hormone?

A

Aldosterone

60
Q

Ca2+ is controlled by?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

61
Q

H2O is controlled by?

A

ADH

62
Q

Counter-current mechanism

A

Interaction between filtrate flow through loop of henle and blood flow through vasa recta that concentrates urine

63
Q

What type of epithelium does the urinary bladder have?

A

Transitional

64
Q

If the urinary bladder has a lot of water, what type of control closes the urethra?

A

Neural control

65
Q

What are the urogenital ridge types in the intermediate mesoderm?

A
  1. Groove nephron
  2. Mesonephron
  3. Metanephron

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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