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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 3 lectures 20-22 > Flashcards

Exam 3 lectures 20-22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major parts of the respiratory system?

A

upper and lower

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2
Q

which lung is smaller? why?

A

the left is smaller because it needs to accommodate the heart

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3
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have? how many does the left have?

A

3; 2

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4
Q

about how many times a minute does breathing happen?

A

about 20 times a minute

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5
Q

is breathing a dyamic or static process?

A

dynamic

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6
Q

what are the non-vital functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • sensing odor
  • speech production
  • straining
    • coughing/ childbirth
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7
Q

What are the hollow spaces int he bones around the nose called?

A

sinuses

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8
Q

What are the bones of the para-nasal sinuses?

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

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9
Q

What are the functions of the para-nasal sinuses?

A
  1. lighted the skull
  2. helps warm and moisten the air
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10
Q

What is the origin of the respiratory system?

A

epithelium

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11
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

mucus

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12
Q

What is the difference between external, internal, and cellular respiration?

A

External respiration: breathing = ventilation > O2 is taken up by the capillaries of the lung alveoli and CO2 is released from the blood

Internal respiration: O2 is released to the tissues and CO2 is absorbed by the blood

Cellular Respiration: within the cell’s mitochondria, O2 is utilized in metabolic processes to produce energy, water, and waste (likes CO2)

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13
Q

Which part of the pharynx is where the air and food mix?

A

th oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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14
Q

The nasopharynx is a passageway for what?

A

air only

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15
Q

Which tonsil type is the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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16
Q

Which types of tonsils are the oropharynx?

A

palatine tonsil and lingual tonsil

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17
Q

What is the larynx known for the production of?

A

sound

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18
Q

what ar the three functions of the larynx?

A
  1. connects pharynx to trachea
  2. regulated volume of air (+voice)
  3. Produces voice
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19
Q

What is the trachea? what is the lining?

A

tubes with epithelial lining

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20
Q

Why is the trachea a C shape?

A

when you have food through the esophagus, it needs room to expand. the c shape leaves room for the C shape expansion

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21
Q

Why is it important for the bronchi to stay open?

A

if we close the bronchi, the blood to the brain will decrease and it will lead to brain damage

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22
Q

is there cartilage in the bronchi?

A

YES

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23
Q

What is used for protection and to hold open the bronchi?

A

cartilage

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24
Q

what ar ethe components of the Bronchioles?

A
  • cuboidal epithelium
  • complete layer of smooth muscle
  • NO cartilage
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25
Q

blood supply to the lung for oxygenation:

A

Pulmonary arteries

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26
Q

blood supply to the lungs for lung tissue nourishment:

A

bronchial arteries

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27
Q

Which cells in the alveolar sac are responsible for gas exchange?

A

AT1

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28
Q

Which type of alveolar cells makes the other?

A

Type 2 makes Type 1

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29
Q

What do Type 2 alveolar cells secrete?

A

surfactant

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30
Q

Inspiration definition

A

air enters the lungs

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31
Q

Expiration definition

A

air leaves the lungs

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32
Q

Hypernea

A

forced breathing

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33
Q

Eupnea

A

normal breathing

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34
Q

How is volume related to pressure?

A

they are inversely related

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35
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscle? Inspiration or expiration?

A

Expiration

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36
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

the space between the lungs and the ribs

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37
Q

What would happen if there was no pleural space?

A

we would get an injury

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38
Q

Disruption of the integrity of the pleural membrane results in a rapid equalization of pressure and loss of ventilation function = ?

A

collapsed lung or pneumothorax

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39
Q

What are the 2 membranes that make up the pleural lining?

A
  1. Parietal pleura
  2. Visceral pleura
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40
Q

Parietal pleura

A

cover the inside of the thorax, mediastinum, and diaphragm

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41
Q

Visceral pleura

A

attach + cover lung service; rich with blood vessels

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42
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleural membranes (line lungs and chest cavity)

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43
Q

What types of infections can cause pleurisy?

A

infections such as the flu and certain medications

44
Q

What causes chest pain that worsens during breathing?

A

Pleurisy

45
Q

Ventilation (breathing/respiration) =

A

the movement of air in and out of the lungs

46
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A

that pressure is inversely related to volume

47
Q

Boyle’s Law equation

A

P x V = C

48
Q

What are the three pressure types that influence ventilation?

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure
  2. Intra-alveolar = intra-pulmonary pressure
  3. Intra-pleural pressure
49
Q

What is the constant value that air pressure should stay at?

A

760 mmHg

50
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

force exerted by gases in the air surrounding us

51
Q

What is Intra-alveolar pressure?

A

pressure of air within alveoli

52
Q

What is intra-pleural pressure?

A

pressure within pleural cavity

53
Q

During inspiration, air pressure in the lung is higher or lower than atmospheric pressure?

A

Lower (called negative pressure)

54
Q

True or False: During expiration, air pressure in the lungs is 700 mmHg?

A

False, it should be higher than 760 mmHg

55
Q

If you stop breathing, but are still alive, what does that mean?

A

that there is air stored in the lungs in the reserve

56
Q

3 types/conditions of Intra-pulmonary pressures?

A
  • Negative respiratory pressure
  • Positive respiratory pressure
  • Zero respiratory pressure
57
Q

Atmospheric pressure = Pb
Intra-pulmonary pressure = Pi

What is the equation when youre at rest with mouth open?

A

Pb = Pi = 0

58
Q

During inhalation, what is the relationship between Pb and Pi?

A

Pb outside is greater than Pi inside

  • Air flows down pressure gradient until Pi = Pb
59
Q

Exhalation during Boyle’s law:

A
  • Decrease rib cage volume
  • Increase in pleural cavity pressure
  • Increase Pi
60
Q

During Exhalation, what is the relation between Pb and Pi in boyle’s law?

A
  • Pi is greater than Pb
  • Air flows down pressure gradient
  • Until Pi = Pb again
61
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting ventilation/respiration?

A

1) Muscles
2) Lung compliance ( = elasticity)
3) Airway resistance ( = Airway radius)
4) Surfactant effect and Surface Tension

62
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

reduce friction and break up water molecules to prevent collapsed lung

63
Q

What accumulates on the surface of alveoli that leads to collapsed lung?

A

water vapor

64
Q

What percent of the total energy expenditure of the body for quiet breathing?

A

3%

65
Q

When compliance decreases what happens to the workload?

A

workload increases

66
Q

When airway resistance increased, what happens to the workload?

A

workload increases

67
Q

Work of breathing is increased in the following situations:

A
  • When pulmonary compliance is decreased
  • When elastic recoil is decreased
  • When airway resistance is increased
  • When there is a need for increased ventilation (ex: exercise)
68
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

behavior of nonreactive gases in a mixture of these gases

69
Q

Perfusion

A
  • flow of blood in pulmonary capillaries
  • regulated by diameter of blood vessels
70
Q

What is transfer of O2 from the lung to tissue?

A

internal respiraiton

71
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

a protein found in RBCs that can hold up to 4 O2 molecules

72
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hb that is NOT combines with O2

73
Q

Why does O2 need a specific carrier?

A

because 3% of O2 is dissolved in plasma while 97% is bound to Hb. Plasma without an O2 carrier would dissolve all of the O2

74
Q

True or false: the binding is reversible for Hb and O2

A

True

Hb + O2 <-> HbO2

75
Q

What is another came for passive transport?

A

diffusion

76
Q

What does the amount of O2 that can be transported depend on?

A

the concentration of Hb

77
Q

What it’s the amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin directly related to?

A

The partial pressure of O2 (PO2)

78
Q

PO2:

A

Al gases exert pressure on walls of their container because the molecules of gas bounce off the walls

79
Q

When PO2 is high, the O2-Hb binding is called _________

A

Loading

80
Q

When PO2 is low, the O2-Hb release is called ____________

A

Unloading

81
Q

True or false: loading and unloading are not reversible

A

False!

82
Q

What part of the body consumes the most oxygen?

A

The muscles

83
Q

Why can we not reach 100% saturation of O2?

A

Because a small amount of Hb is needed to carry CO2

84
Q

What does a shift to the right on an O2 dissociation curve mean?

A

That there is a higher affinity for oxygen

85
Q

What does a shift to the left on an O2 dissociation curve mean?

A

There is a lower affinity for oxygen

86
Q

Which factors will move the O2 dissociation curve to the right?

A
  • Higher temp
  • lower pH
  • higher DPG
87
Q

How does exercise affect the O2 dissociation curve?

A

The curve will shift to the right because the pH in the blood is decreased (from increased lactic acid) and temperature increases during exercise. So, there is an increased demand for O2, so O2 uploading should increase to bring in more O2

88
Q

When the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve shift to the left, what happens?

A
  • higher pH
  • lower temperature
  • decreased DPG

Hb does not need to carry more O2 = O2 unloading increases

89
Q

What are the 3 ways blood transports CO2?

A
  1. Dissolved in CO2 (7-10%)
  2. CO2 bound to hemoglobin = Carbinhemoglobin (20%)
  3. Bicarbonate (HCO3 = 70%0
90
Q

Somebody has Hb defect (anemia). Does this affect O2 or CO2?

A

Both

91
Q

Why must the chemical reaction from CO2 + H2O to Bicarbonate ion occur in the RBCs?

A

Because RBCs have the enzyme (carbonic anhydrase) to catalyze the chemical reaction

92
Q

What is the importance of a chloride shift?

A

To maintain electrical neutrality

93
Q

Where does the carbonic acid dissociate into bicarbonate ion and H+ ion?

A

In the RBCs

94
Q

A high PO2 decreases the affinity of Hb for CO2 is called?

A

the Haldane Effect

95
Q

what are the types of sensors?

A

1) Central chemoreceptor
2) Peripheral chemoreceptors

96
Q

What are the types of effectors?

A

1) diaphragm
2) intercostal muscles
3) abdominal muscles
4) Accessory muscles

97
Q

Where to the chemoreceptors (sensors) exist?

A

The lung, aorta, and brain

98
Q

What do the chemoreceptors respond to?

A

PH of extra cellular fluid (ECF)

99
Q

What is a Normal CFS pH?

A

7.32

100
Q

what are the two breathing control centers in the brain?

A

The medulla oblongata and the pons

101
Q

What is the pons for in respiration?

A

The pons regulates the tempo (speed of respiration)

102
Q

What does the medulla regulate in respiration?

A

It regulates the rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in CO2 levels in the CSF

103
Q

Apnea

A

The stopping of breathing

104
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Rapid or deep breathing usually caused by anxiety or panic

105
Q

What are the effects of aging on respiratory function?

A
  • vital capacity and maximum minute ventilation decrease
  • ability to remove mucus from respiratory passageways decreases
  • gas exchange across respiratory membrane is reduced
  • residual volume and dead space increase
106
Q

What does the respiratory system form from?

A

The origin of the digestive system

107
Q

What is the origin of the respiratory and digestive systems?

A

Endoderm

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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