lab 8 Flashcards
byproducts of metabolism
- Co2
- nitrogenous waste
- ammonia
forming urea and ammonia
breakdown of AA groups of AA
forming uric acid
breakdown of nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids
6 kidney functions
- eliminating nitrogenous wastes
- controls salt and water content of body (fluid balance)
- acid-base balance (excrete mainly H+)
- releases erythropoeitin when O2 to kidneys is reduced
- carry out last step in activation of vitamin D
- regulating homeostasis
ureter
- definition
- location
- function
- 2 tubes connecting the kidney and bladder
- retroperitoneal
- conduct urine from kidneys to bladder
urinary bladder
- function
- # of openings
- location
- collects urine delivered via ureters
- 3 (openings of 2 ureters and 1 from urethra)
urethra
- function
- length in males
- length in females
conducts urine from bladder to outside
- 7-8
- 1-2 in
which kidney is lower
right because of the liver
height, length and width of kidney
4 3 1
what shape is formed by the 3 openings in the bladder
a triangle known as the trigone
which has more blood flow, the medulla or cortex?
medulla
nephrons
- function
- associated with
- responsible for the filtration, reabsorption and secretion activities of the kidney
- vascular system
of pyramids a cat kidney has
1
renal corpuscle contains
glomerulus and bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
- most ___ section
- carries out ___ of the reabsorption and secretion that occurs in urine formation
- active
- 70-75%
juxtaglomerular appartatus
- composed of
- function
- short or long loops of henle
- juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa
- acts as a sensor of kidney function and releases renin
- long
juxtaglomerular cells
specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole
macula densa
specialized epithelial cells in the wall of the distal convoluted tubule
cortical nephrons
- location
- short or long loops of henle
- superior to JGA
- short
blood supply to the kidney
- renal artery
- segmental artey
- interlobar artery
- arcuate artery
- interlobular artery
- afferent arteriole
- glomerulus
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillaries
- vasa recta
- interlobular vein
- arcuate vein
- interlobar vein
- renal vein
- inferior vein cava
which nephron has its renal corpuscle near the boundary of the cortex and medulla
juxtaglomerular
which nephron has the vasa recta
juxtaglomerular nephron
urine vol produced by the kidneys
0.4-2.5 L per day
urinalysis
analysis of urine’s composition that reveals about the body functions
properties of urine: color
- varies according to
- normal feature
- abnormal feature
- according to ratio of solutes to water and diet
- light yellow to amber
- dark red or brown
properties of urine: odor
- normal feature
- abnormal feature
- aromatic
- fishy, ammonia-like
properties of urine: cloudiness
- normal feature
- abnormal feature
- clear - transparent
- hazy, may contain obvious shreds of mucus
properties of urine: specific gravity
- normal feature
- abnormal feature
- 1.001 - 1.035
- any major change from normal range
properties of urine: pH
- normal feature
- abnormal feature
- 4.5 - 8.0
- any major variation from normal range
properties of urine: volume
- normal feature
- abnormal feature
- 0.4-2.5 l/day
- variation from normal range
organic constituents of urine
urea, uric acid and creatinine
10 inorganic constituents of urine
- sodium
- chloride
- calcium
- phosphates
- sulfates
- potassium
- magnesium
- iron
- bicarbonate
- ammonium
abnormal constituents of urine: ketones
-associated causes
- diabetes mellitus
- starvation
- diarrhea in children
- pernicious vomitting of pregnancy
abnormal constituents of urine: protein
-associated causes
- damaged kidney tubules
- chemical poisoning
- prolonged exercise
- cold baths
- altered glomeruli
abnormal constituents of urine: leukocytes and other components of pus
-associated causes
- cystitis
- infection of the kidney
- urethritis
- tuberculosis
abnormal constituents of urine: blood
-associated causes
- infection of glomeruli
- tumors of the urinary tract
- kidney and bladder stones
- tuberculosis
- circulatory system disorders
abnormal constituents of urine: hemoglobin from blood
-associated causes
-conditions involving marked blood destruction: chemical poisoning, snake bites, malaria, and transfusion with incompatible blood
