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A&P 2 lab > lab 7 > Flashcards

lab 7 Flashcards

1
Q

2 groups of structures that compromise the digestive system

A
  1. gastrointestinial tract

2. accessory organs

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2
Q

digestive tract

-contains what organs

A
  1. mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
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3
Q

small intestine divisions

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunem
  3. iliem
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4
Q

large intestine divisions

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
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5
Q

accessory organs include

A
  1. teeth
  2. tongue
  3. gallbladder
  4. salivary glands
  5. liver
  6. pancreas
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6
Q

mouth

  • aka
  • composed of
  • formed by
A
  • oral cavity or buccal cavity
  • oral mucosa
  • cheeks, hard and soft palate and tongue
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7
Q

oral mucosa composed of

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

tongue

A

a movable muscular structure that helps to maneuver foods and assists in swallowing and speech

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9
Q

additional features of the mouth

A
  1. labial frenulum
  2. vestible
  3. uvula
  4. lingual frenulum
  5. arches
  6. lingual tonsil
  7. lingual papillae
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10
Q

labial frenulum

A

fold of mucous membrane that anchors the lips to the gums

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11
Q

vestibule

A

space between cheeks (or lips) and gums (or teeth)

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12
Q

uvula

  • definition
  • function
A
  • conical muscular process that hangs down from the soft palate
  • helps to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing
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13
Q

lingual frenulum
-definition
function

A
  • fold of mucus membrane on the bottom of the tongue that anchors it to the floor of the oral cavity
  • prevents extreme movements of the tongue
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14
Q

arches of the tongue

  • definition
  • what lies between each arch
  • 2 types
A
  • 2 pairs of muscular folds or arches are present on either side of the uvula
  • palatine tonsil
    1. palatoglossal arch
      1. palatopharyngeal arch
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15
Q

palatoglossal arch

A

anterior arch running from soft palate to base of tongue

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16
Q

palatopharyngeal arch

A

posterior arch running from soft palate to the wall of the phayrnx

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17
Q

lingual tonsil

A

tonsil at base of tongue

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18
Q

lingual papillae

  • definition
  • 4 types
A
  • projections on the superior surface of the tongue that give it a velvety texture
    1. filiform papillae
      1. fungiform papillae
      2. folate papillae
      3. circumvallate papillae
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19
Q

filiform papillae

A
  • threadlike projections on anterior 2/3 of tongue that provide friction
  • well developed in animals
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20
Q

fungiform papillae

A

mushroom-like projections scattered on the tongue surface and more abundant near the tip

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21
Q

folate papillae

A

leaf-like projections that form lateral rows at the rear of the tongue

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22
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

projections arranged in a V on the back part of the tongue

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23
Q

gustation

  • known as
  • results when
A
  • taste
  • chemicals in food are detected by sensory structures called taste buds. For a chemical to be tasted it must be dissolved in saliva
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24
Q

taste pore

A

where chemical from food enters the taste bud through an opening

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25
Q

gustatory cells

  • function
  • what does binding do
A
  • binds chemical
  • initiates actions potentials in the cells that eventually lead to the conduction of signals along the gustatory pathway
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26
Q

which papillae lack taste buds

A

filiform papillae

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27
Q

4 primary taste sensations

A

sour, salt bitter and sweet

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28
Q

where is sour located on the tongue

  • salt
  • bitter
  • sweet
A

sides

  • front
  • back
  • middle
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29
Q

how can we enjoy the taste of caramel and chocolate

A

there are different combos of taste

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30
Q

salivary glands

-function

A

secrete saliva into ducts that empty into the oral cavity

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31
Q

saliva

  • consists of
  • contains
  • function
A
  • water
  • a variety of salts, buffers, enzymes, mucus and antibodies
    1. cleanses the mouth
      1. lubricates and moistens food
      2. dissolves chemicals
      3. helps prevent tooth decay by inhibiting bacterial growth
      4. initiates carb digestion through the action of salivary amylase
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32
Q

3 salivary glands

A
  1. parotid glands
  2. submandibular glands
  3. sublingual glands
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33
Q

parotid glands

A

anterior to ear lobes

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34
Q

submandibular glands

A

along inner surfaces of mandible in floor of the mouth

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35
Q

sublingual glands

A

anterior and superior to the submandibular glands

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36
Q

acini of the salivary gland

  • function
  • consists of
A

release their secretions into ducts

-serous cells or mucus cells

37
Q

serous cells

A

secrete a water fluid

38
Q

teeth

-function

A

responsible for tearing and grinding food during mastication

39
Q

alveolar processes

A

teeth are positioned in sockets by these

40
Q

gingivae

  • aka
  • definition
A
  • gums

- what alveolar processes are covered by

41
Q

peridontal ligament

A

dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches each tooth to its alveolar processes

42
Q

crown

A

exposed portion of tooth above level of gums

43
Q

root

A

1-3 projections at the base of the tooth that is inserted in the socket

44
Q

neck

A

junction between crown and root

45
Q

dentin

A

a rigid bonelike substance that gives teeth their basic shape

46
Q

pulp cavity

A

a chamber within the dentin of the crown that contains pulp

47
Q

pulp

A

loose CT containing blood vessels and nerves

48
Q

root canal

A

narrow extension of pulp cavity in root

49
Q

apical foramen

A

opening at base of root canal that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter root

50
Q

enamel

A

covers crown and is composed of crystalline form of calcium phosphate; hardest substance in body

51
Q

cementum

A

bonelike substance surrounding dentin that anchors the root to the peridontal ligament

52
Q

dentition

  • definition
  • 2 types
A
  • set of teeth

- primary and secondary

53
Q

primary dentition

  • aka
  • 3 types
A
  • decidous, baby or milk teeth
    1. incisors
      1. cuspids
      2. molars
54
Q

primary denition (incisors)

A

chisel-like teeth adapted for cutting

55
Q

primary dentition (cuspids)

  • aka
  • definition
A

-pointed tooth for tearing and shredding

56
Q

primary dentitions (molars)

A

flat teeth specialized for grinding and crushing

57
Q

secondary dentition

-4 types

A
  1. incisors
  2. cuspids
  3. bicuspids
  4. molars
58
Q

how does the shape and size of the jaw change with age

A

elongates to make room for other teeth

59
Q

compare primary and secondary with regard to # of teeth and time of eruption

  • primary
  • secondary
A
  • 20 teeth; erupts at 6 months; done erupting at 5-6

- 32 teeth; erupts around 6 years; done erupting at 22

60
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

opening in the diaphragm in which the esophagus goes through

61
Q

layers of the digestive system

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
62
Q

mucosa

  • located where
  • 3 layers
A
  • lumen
    1. epitheliem
    2. lamina propria
    3. muscularis mucosae
63
Q

epithelium in mucosa layer

-2 things

A
  • stratified squamous in oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus

- simple columnar in stomach, sm and large intestine

64
Q

lamina propria

A

loose or areolar CT layer

65
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

narrow layer of smooth muscle whose contractions alter the shape of the lumen

66
Q

submucosa

  • type of CT
  • contains
A
  • dense irregular connective tissue

- containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve plexus

67
Q

muscularis externa

-2 layers

A
  1. inner circular layer

2. outer longitudinal layer

68
Q

outer longitudinal layer function

A

moves materials through tube

69
Q

serosa

  • aka
  • definition
  • location
A
  • visceral peritoneum
  • serous membrane
  • outside
70
Q

adventitia

A

thin outer layer of CT

71
Q

stomach

-4 anatomical regions

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pylorus
72
Q

cardia

A

region near the junction of the esophagus

73
Q

fundus

A

contracts the diagphram

74
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

guards the entrance to the stomach; poorly defined

75
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

separates the stomach from the small intestine; well developed

76
Q

rugae

  • what is it
  • function
A
  • mucosa thrown into folds

- allow stomach to expand when you eat

77
Q

what do gastric glands contain

A

parietal cells and cheif cells

78
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete intrinsic factor and HCl

79
Q

cheif cells

A

secrete an inactive form of pepsin

80
Q

gastric juice pH

A

2

81
Q

oblique muscle layer

  • location
  • function
A
  • stomach

- helps the stomach to mix and mechanically process food

82
Q

pancreas

-3 parts

A
  1. head
  2. body
  3. tail
83
Q

endocrine gland of the pancreas

-contain

A

pancreatic islets

84
Q

pancreatic islets

A

secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood stream

85
Q

exocrine portion of the pancreas

  • aka
  • function
A
  • acini

- release pancreatic juice into ducts

86
Q

pancreatic juice contains

-where does it secrete into

A

enzymes that digest protein, carbs and fat

-pancreatic duct

87
Q

how is the duodenal ampulla formed by

A

pancreatic duct and common bile duct

88
Q

hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

controls the releases of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

A&P 2 lab (11 decks)

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