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A&P 2 lab > lab 5 > Flashcards

lab 5 Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the respiratory system

A
  1. nose
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. bronchi
  6. lungs
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2
Q

Upper respiratory

A

nose and pharynx

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3
Q

nose

  • air enters the nose through the
  • 3 functions
A
  • the external nares and into the nasal cavity
    1. incoming air is warmed, humidified and filtered by the nasal mucosa
      1. contains receptors for olfactory stimuli
      2. act as a resonance chambers in speech
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4
Q

nasal septum

A

a vertical partition that divides the right and left side

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5
Q

palate of the oral cavity

-composed of

A

anterior, bony hard palate and the posterior muscular soft palate

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6
Q

vestibule

  • location
  • defnition
A
  • anterior portion of each nostril

- coarse nose hairs

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7
Q

what are the projections that extends from the lateral walls of each nasal cavity

A

the superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae or turbinates

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8
Q

nasal cavity flow of air

A
  1. external nares
  2. nasal cavity
  3. internal nares
  4. pharynx
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9
Q

pharynx

  • definition
  • composed of
  • lined by
  • 3 regions
A
  • 5” tube which extends from the nasal cavity to the entrances of the larynx and esophagus
  • skeletal muscle
  • lined with a mucus membrane
    1. nasopharynx
      1. oropharynx
      2. laryngopharynx
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10
Q

nasopharynx

  • superior or middle or inferior section
  • extends from
  • lined with
  • contains 4 openings
  • also contains which structure
A
  • superior
  • the posterior portion of the nasal cavity to the plane of the soft palate
  • psuedostratified columnar epithelium modified with cilia and goblet cells
    1. 2 internal nares
      1. 2 eustachian tube openings
  • pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
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11
Q

oropharynx

  • superior, middle or inferior section
  • extends from
  • lined with
  • 1 opening
  • contains
A
  • middle section
  • the soft palate to the hyoid bone
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • fauces (mouth)
  • the paired palatine and lingual tonsils
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12
Q

laryngopharynx

  • superior, middle, or inferior section
  • extends from
  • function
A
  • inferior portion
  • hyoid bone to the entrance of the esophagus and larynx
  • serves as a common passageway for both air and food
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13
Q

lower respiratory structures

-5

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachea
  3. bronchi
  4. lungs
  5. lung lobule
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14
Q

larynx

  • aka
  • connects what
  • wall is supported by what
A
  • voice box
  • laryngopharynx with the trachea
  • several pieces of cartilage
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15
Q

piece of cartilage of the larynx

A
  1. thyroid cartilage
  2. epiglottis
  3. cricoid
  4. arytenoid
    - smaller paired corniculate and cuniform cartilage
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16
Q

2 functions of the larynx

A
  1. epiglottis cartilage forms a lid over the larynx so that food and liquids are directed into the esophagus and is kept out of the respiratory system
  2. Voice production
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17
Q

voice production

  • upper
  • lower
  • how is sound produced
A
  • false vocal folds (cords)
  • true vocal folds (cords
  • both vibrate to create sound waves
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18
Q

trachea

  • aka
  • length
  • lined with
  • what supports the walls
A
  • windpipe
  • 4 1/2”
  • from larynx to the level of the fifth throacic vertebra where it divides into right and left primary bronchi
  • psuedostratified epithelium which is modified with cilia and goblet cells
  • C-shaped cartilage
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19
Q

open ends of the C-shaped are located

A

posteriorly and are held together by a smooth muscle called the trachealis muscle

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20
Q

functions of the trachea

  • mucus
  • cartilage rings
  • open end of C rings
A
  1. the mucus traps dust that is propelled by cilia away from the lungs toward the pharynx where it is expectorated or swallowed
  2. the cartilage rings reinforce the trachea to prevent the airway from collapsing
  3. the open end of the C shaped cartilages permit the esophagus to expand anteriorly when food is swallowed
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21
Q

what do goblet cells produce

A

mucus

22
Q

bronchi division

A
  1. trachea
  2. right and left primary bronchus
  3. secondary bronchi
  4. teriary bronchi, then divide more
  5. bronchioles
  6. terminal bronchioles
23
Q

bronchial tree

A

bronchi and all of their branches

24
Q

lungs

-surrounded by

A

-pleura

25
Q

pleura

  • definition
  • 2 layers
  • function of layers
A
  • double layered serous membrane
  • parietal and visceral
  • secrete pleural fluid into the potential space between them, the pleural cavity
26
Q

Parietal pleura

  • inner or outer layer
  • covers what
A
  • outer

- wall of thoracic cavity

27
Q

visceral pleura

  • inner or outer layer
  • covers what
A
  • inner

- covers lungs

28
Q

pleural fluid function

A

provides lubrication which helps reduce friction permitting the lungs to move past one another easily during breathing

29
Q

4 features of the lungs

A
  1. base
  2. apex
  3. hilus
  4. cardiac notch
30
Q

base of the lung

A

broad inferior portion that rests on superficial surface of diaphragm

31
Q

apex of the lung

A

pointed superior portion that extends just superior to first rib

32
Q

hilus of the lung

A

vertical groove in the medial surface through which bronchial tubes, pulmonary vessels, lymphatics and nerves enter and exit the lung

33
Q

cardiac notch

A

indentation in left lung for the heart

34
Q

fissures

A

divides each lung into lobes

35
Q

right lung

  • # of lobes
  • fissures
A
  • 3 (superior, middle, and inferior)

- horizontal and oblique

36
Q

left lung

  • # of lobes
  • fissure
A
  • 2 (superior and inferior)

- oblique

37
Q

lung lobule

-contains

A
  1. lymphatic vessel
  2. pulmonary arteriole
  3. pulmonary venule
  4. branch from a terminal bronchiole
38
Q

terminal bronchioles branch to form

A

respiratory bronchioles then into alveolar ducts then into alveolar sacs

39
Q

alveoli

-composed of

A

squamous epithelium and a thin basement membrane

40
Q

where are gases exchanged

A

between the alveoli and capillaries

41
Q

bronchial sounds

  • definition
  • how do you listen for it
A

produced as air rushes through the large airways of the lower respiratory tract, trachea and bronchi
-place stethoscope on your neck just below your larynx

42
Q

vesicular sounds

  • definition
  • how do you listen for it
A

produced as air enters the alveolar sacs

-place stethescope over chest at various intercostal spaces and under clavicles; back beneath the scapula

43
Q

beef pluck

  • consists of
  • obtained from
A
  • the lungs, trachea and larynx of a cow

- a local butcher

44
Q

what does psudostratified columnar epithelium that is modified with cilia and goblet cells contribute to?

A

mucociliary apparatus

45
Q

mucociliary apparatus

A

important part of lung defense mechanisms

46
Q

function of the mucus

A

coat airways and traps inhaled particles

47
Q

in what direction do the cilia beat

A

upwards towards oral pharynx

48
Q

what eventually happens to the mucus

-why is this considered a defense mechanism

A

swallowed

-it clears particles

49
Q

what consequences would result if the mucociliary transport malfunctions

A

it will cause respiratory infections, pneumonia because bacteria accumulates

50
Q

A drop of charcoal is suspended in room temp Ringer’s solution was applied to the mucosa of the frogs hard palate. What happens to the charcoal particles over time

A

Cilia moves particles towards oropharynx to get rid of them. The charcoal is moved upward

51
Q

will it take longer or shorter time for the charcoal particles to move if the trachea is exposed to cold temp

A

longer

52
Q

can cilia overcome the effects of gravity

-can cilia move the charcoal if the end toward which the charcoal is moving is elevated

A

yes

-yes

A&P 2 lab (11 decks)

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