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Bacteriology > Lab 12 - Fungi > Flashcards

Lab 12 - Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Sabouraud agar is used for culturing fungi.

A

True

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2
Q

Fungi are able to do photosynthesis.

A

False, (no photosynthesis)

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3
Q

Dermatophytes indubation condition time is 2-4 weeks.

A

True

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4
Q

Yeasts incubation condition time is 1-4 days

A

True

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5
Q

Dermatophytes can be cultured at 37 degrees.

A

False, (25 degrees)

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6
Q

Batrachocochytrium dendrobatidis can cause chytridiomycosis of amphibians

A

True

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7
Q

Coccoidioides immitis causes systemic mycosis in humans.

A

True, (also dog, horse and cat)

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8
Q

S. schenckii causes subcutaneus granulomatosis in humans.

A

True, (also dog, cat and horse)

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9
Q

B. dermatitis can cause blastomycosis (granulomatotis).

A

True

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10
Q

Dimorphic fungi have mould form on media only.

A

False, (mould and environment)

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11
Q

Stachybotrys atra forms black colonies.

A

True

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12
Q

F. moniliforme can cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses.

A

True

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13
Q

Glomeromycota phyla of fungi symbioses with plant roots.

A

True

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14
Q

Dermatophytes are obligate anaerobic.

A

False, (obligate aerobic)

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15
Q

T2 toxin can cause immunosuppression in cattle.

A

True, (also poultry and pigs)

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16
Q

Fusarium has pigment production.

A

True

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17
Q

Patulin causes inhibition of ruminal flora.

A

True

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18
Q

Ochraceus causes kidney degeneration in cattle.

A

False, (in poultry and pigs)

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19
Q

Fumonisins can cause pulmonary oedema in horses.

A

False, (in pigs)

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20
Q

Ochratoxin is produced by A. ochraceus.

A

True

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21
Q

Mycotoxicosis is caused by fungal toxins.

A

True

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22
Q

Malassezia pachydermatis has characteristics morphology, bottle-shape cells

A

True

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23
Q

Funguses are based on the 18S and the 26S ribosomal RNA gene.

A

True

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24
Q

Fungi have five phyla.

A

True

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25
Q

Penicillin is produced by Penicillum rubrum.

A

False, (P. notatum, P. chrysogenum)

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26
Q

Aflatoxin is produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.

A

False, (by A. flavus)

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27
Q

Trichophyton verrucosum causes ringworm in cattle.

A

True

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28
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans cannot form colonies on artificial medium.

A

True

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29
Q

Candida albicans can be found on mucous membranes of infected animals only.

A

False, (can be found in the intestinal tracts and in the oral cavities of healthy individuals also)

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30
Q

Microsporum sp. is members of Dermatophytes

A

True

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31
Q

Malassezia pachydermatis can cause external otitis in dogs.

A

True

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32
Q

Resistance of asexual spores is higher than sexual spores.

A

False, (sexual spores has higher resistance)

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33
Q

Yeasts can be cultured at 37 degrees.

A

True

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34
Q

The pH of Sabouraud agar is higher than 6.5.

A

False, (pH of 5.5)

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35
Q

Stachybotryotoxins can cause immunosuppression in horse.

A

True

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36
Q

Dimorphic fungi have yeast form in host body.

A

True

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37
Q

Equine epizootic lymphangitis is caused by Histoplasma farciminosum.

A

True

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38
Q

F2 toxin can cause reduced fertility in cattle.

A

True

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39
Q

Dermatophytes cause superficial mycosis.

A

False

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40
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans forms mucoid colonies on Sabouraud agar

A

True

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41
Q

Fungo are prokaryotic microorganisms

A

False (eukaryotic)

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42
Q

Morphology of Dimorphic fungi depends on the composition of the medium, in the host they show mold-like colonies, in the environment yeast-like colonies.

A

False (opposite, yeast form in the host, mould form on media or environment)

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43
Q

Majority of fungi are obligate aerobic microorganisms

A

True

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44
Q

The aim of spore formation of fungi is the surival, like in the case of bacteria.

A

?

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45
Q

We can stain fungi with KOH solution.

A

False (hair or skin scrapings: clearing the specimen with 10% KOH)

46
Q

Yeasts are gram-negative microorganisms

A

False (gram +)

47
Q

The incubation time of M. pachydermatis is about 1-4 weeks

A

False (1-4 days for yeasts)

48
Q

Optimal temperature for culturing Microsporum is species is about 35-37 degrees.

A

False (25 degrees for Dermatophytes)

49
Q

As a result of PAS staining, fungi will be red.

A

False (pink)

50
Q

Favus of poultry is caused by T.verrucosum.

A

False (Microsporum gallinae)

51
Q

Culture of fungi - incubation temp. + time

  1. Yeast
  2. Aspergillus sp.
  3. Zygomycetes
  4. Dermatophytes
  5. Dimorphic fungi:
    a) mould phase
    b) yeast phase
A
  1. Yeast: 37 - 1-4 days
  2. Aspergillus sp.: 37 - 1-4 days
  3. Zygomycetes: 37 - 1-4 days
  4. Dermatophytes 25 - 2-4 weeks
  5. Dimorphic fungi:
    a) mould phase 25 - 1-4 weeks
    b) yeast phase 37 - 1-4 weeks
52
Q

What is the basis of these names:

  1. Anamorph name
  2. Teleomorph name
  3. Mitosporic fung
A
  1. Anamorph name: on the basis of morph. of asexual form
  2. Teleomorph name: on the basis of sexual form
  3. Mitosporic fungi: there is no known sexual form
53
Q

What are the 5 phyla of the Phylogenetic (Genotypic) classification

A
  • Microspora
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • Blastocladiomycota
  • Glomeromycota – major ecological importance,
    symbionts with plant roots
54
Q

Which spores har sexual reproduction?

A
  • zygospora (two hypha cells)
  • ascospora (ascus)
  • basidiospora (on club shaped structures: basidium)
55
Q

Which spores har asexual reproduction?

A
  • Conidia are forms on conidiophores: Arthroconidia, Chlamydoconidia, Blastoconidia, Macroconidia, Microconidia, Phialoconidia
  • Sporangiospores are formed within sporangium.
56
Q

Morphology

A
  • uni- or multicellular, 3-100 µm, branching
  • Moulds: grow as branching filaments called hyphae (2-10 µm in diam.)
  • Yeasts: oval cells (3-5 µm)
  • Dimorphic: occur in both forms (temp.!)
  • colony types
57
Q

Which cell structures does fungi have?

A 
cell structure:
1. cell wall (chitin, hemicellulose, mucopolysaccharid,
protein, lipid – impart rigidity and osmotic stability)
2. septa (cross-walls): are often present in hyphae (central pore)
3. cytoplasma membrane (ergosterol)
4. nuclear membrane
5. nucleus
6. nucleolus
7. ribosomes
8. endoplasmatic reticulum
9. mitochondria
10. lomasoma
58
Q

Staining

A

-unstained
.staining:
• simple staining (methylene blue)
• Gram-staining (yeast) →Gr +
• PAS (periodic acid –Schiff reaction) – in tissue sections
-hair or skin scrapings: clearing the specimen with 10% KOH

59
Q

Culture

A
  • heterotrophic (C: organic, N: organic/inorganic)
  • Sabouraud agar (pH 5.5)
  • Dimorphic fungi – yeast phase: blood agar
  • pH 5-7 except: Dermatophytes (pH 7.0)
  • obl. aerobic
  • selective: penicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, cycloheximide
60
Q

pH of fungi

A

5-7, except: Dermatophytes (pH 7.0)

61
Q

Biochemistry

A
  • no photosynthesis
  • active metabolism (deterioration of food)
  • extra cellular enzymes (→ bacteria)
  • biochemical examinations: yeasts, dermatophytes
  • mycotoxin production
  • production of antibiotics
62
Q

Antigens

A
  • complex

* serological tests in systemic diseases (yeasts)

63
Q

Resistance

A
  • sexual spores > asexual spores > vegetative parts
  • good resistance
  • dehydration, survive for years
  • tolerate high osmotic pressure
  • low pH
64
Q

Identification

A
  • morphology (macroscopic- microscopic)
  • biochemical features (yeasts)
  • serological examinations
  • on the basis of genotype (PCR)
65
Q

Pathogenicity

A
  • facultative pathogens
  • Mycosis: tissue invasion
  • Mycotoxicosis: ingestion of fungal toxins which have been preformed in stored food or standing crops.
  • Induction of hypersensitivity (allergy) – rare – associated with Chronic Pulmonary Disease in cattle or horses
66
Q

Pathogenicity of saprophytes

A

-environmental fungi: commensal fungi

•fungi of the skin and gut (sometimes facultative pathogens)

67
Q

Types of mycosis

A
  1. superficial:
    - dermatomycosis (Candida sp., Malassezia pachydermatis)
    - dermatophytosis (Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp.)
    (invasion and destruction of keratinized structures)
  2. subcutaneous mycosis (following penetration by foreign body)
  3. systemic mycosis: prolonged AB therapy, immunosuppression
68
Q

SPECIFIC MYCOLOGY

A
  • YEAST
  • MOULDS
  • DIMORPHIC FUNGI
69
Q

Mould species

A
  • Dermatophytes
  • Zygomycota
  • Aspergillus
  • Penicillium
  • Fusarium
  • Stachybotrys
70
Q

Yeast species

A
  • Candida
  • Cryptococcus
  • Malassezia
71
Q

Dermatophytes generas

A
  • Trichophyton

- Microsporum

72
Q

Pathogenecity of Candida

A

(yeast)
•C. albicans: human, piglet, calf, poultry: commensals on mucous membranes
•C. guillermondii: cattle genital mucous membrane
•C. tropicalis, C. krusei

73
Q

Pathogenecity of Cryptococcus

A

(yeast)
- C. neoformans: large mucopolysaccharide, capsule produced, mucoid colonies, infection derived from the environment
•mastitis (cattle, goat)
•localized granuloma formation, systemic mycosis in cats, dogs, horses, cattle

74
Q

Pathogenecity of Malassezia

A

(yeast)
-M. pachydermatis: bottle-shaped cells, commensals on the skin
•dog, cat dermatitis, external otitis

75
Q

What are dermatophytes members of?

A

Members of Ascomycota

76
Q

What does dermatophytes have affinity to?

A
  • Affinity to keratinized structures
77
Q

Colonies of dermatophytes

A
  • colonize and invade skin, hair and nails
  • Slow growing: Sabouraud + yeast extract is needed
  • Obligate aerobic
  • Tolerate cycloheximide in media
78
Q

Key points of some dermatophytes:

  • Mycelium
  • Macroconidia
  • Arthrospores
A
  • Mycelium: often pigmented
  • Macroconidia: formed in culture
  • Arthrospores: shed from infected animals, remain infective for many months
79
Q

Zoophilic group of dermatophytes

A
  • M. canis, M. gallinae, T. equinum, T. mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum
  • comprises obligate pathogens
  • Cause characteristic circular skin lesions termed „RINGWORM”
80
Q

TRICHOPHYTON

  • What do they infect?
  • Detection?
  • Culture?
  • Main species?
A
  • Infect: skin, hair, feather → ringworm
  • detection in skin scrapings
  • culture: Sabouraud medium + yeast extract + cycloheximide, pH 7, 1-4 weeks, 25°C
  • Main species:
    •T. verrucosum: cattle, human
    •T. equinum: horse, human
    •T. mentagrophytes: dog, cat, human, rabbit
81
Q

MICROSPORUM
• similar to?
• main species

A
  • similar to Trichophyton
  • main species:
    •M. gypseum: dog, horse, human
    •M. canis: dog, cat, horse, human
    •M. nanum: swine (Pear-shaped or ovoid macroconidium)
    •M. gallinae: chicken, turkey (favus of poultry)
82
Q

Which fungi causes favus of poultry?

A

Microsporum gallinae

83
Q 
ZYGOMYCOTA
• which spore is sexual?
• which spore is asexual?
• generas?
• deterioration of?
• Main pathogenic cause?
A
  • sexual: zygospores
  • asexual: sporangiospores
  • genera: Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
  • deterioration of food and feed
  • Main pathogenic cause: abortion in cattle
84
Q 
ASPERGILLUS
• member of?
• colonies?
• conidia terminally on?
• pathogens?
• main species?
A
  • member of the phylum Ascomycota
  • rapidly growing pigmented colonies
  • conidia terminally on the hyphae
  • respiratory pathogens, acquired by inhalation of spores
  • main species:
  • A. fumigatus
  • A. flavus
  • A. ochraceus
85
Q

Which fungi causes lung mycosis of poultry, mycosis of eggs and abortion?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

86
Q

Which fungi causes hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, is a mutagen, carcinogen and teratogen in pig, poultry, cattle?

A

Aspergillus flavus

87
Q

Which fungi causes kidney degeneration in pig and poultry, and Granulomatosis in the lung of chicken?

A

Aspergillus ochraceus

88
Q

What is the toxin of Aspergillus flavus?

A

aflatoxin

89
Q

What is the toxin of Aspergillus ochraceus?

A

ochratoxin

90
Q

PENICILLIUM
• Morphology?
• Main species?

A
  • Morphology: brush-like conidiophores
  • Main species:
    •P. notatum, P. chrysogenum: penicillin
    •P. rubrum, P. viridicatum: mycotoxin production in feed
91
Q

Which fungi species causes penicillin?

A

Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum

92
Q

Which fungi species causes mycotoxin production in feed?

A

Penicillium rubrum and P. viridicatum

93
Q

What types of mycotoxin does Penicillium rubrum and P. viridicatum produce in feed?

A

• rubratoxin: cattle hepatotoxicity
• ochratoxin: pig, poultry: renal toxicity
• patulin: cattle, sheep, pig: inhibition of ruminal flora,
acidosis, vomiting in pigs

94
Q 
FUSARIUM
• Habitat?
• asexual reproduction?
• production of?
• main species?
A
  • Habitat: feed
  • asexual reproduction: macroconidia, microconidia
  • pigment production and mycotoxin production
  • main species:
  • F. graminearum, F. sporotrichoides : T-2, F-2 toxin
  • F. moniliforme: fumonisins
95
Q

Which fungi causes T-2 and F-2 toxin?

A

Fusarium graminearum and F. sporotrichoides

96
Q

Which fungi and toxin causes cytotoxicity and immunosuppression in pig, cattle and poultry,
hemorrhage and feed refusal in pig, and rumenitis in cattle?

A

Fusarium graminearum and F. sporotrichoides - T2 toxin

97
Q

Which fungi and toxin causes oestrogenic activity, hyperaemia, oedema of vulva, anoestrus in pig and cattle, reduced litter size in mature sows and reduced fertility in cattle?

A

Fusarium graminearum and F. sporotrichoides - F2 toxin

98
Q

Which fungi and toxin causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary oedema in pig?

A

Fusarium moniliforme - fumonisins

99
Q

Which fungi has utilisation of cellulose and black colonies?

A

Stachybotrys atra

100
Q

Which fungi and toxin causes cytotoxicity, haemorrhages and immunosuppression in horse, cattle, sheep and pig, and necrotic lesion in the alimentary tract?

A

Stachybotrys - toxin: stachybotryotoxins

101
Q

DIMORPHIC FUNGI
•Where is the yeast and mould form?
•genera?

A
  • yeast form in the host, mould form on media or environment
  • genera:
    •Histoplasma
    •Sporothrix
    •Coccidioides
    •Blastomyces
102
Q

HISTOPLASMA

  • habitat
  • species and their habitat
A
  • tropics, Mediterranean area
    •H. farciminosum: soil
    •H. capsulatum: systemic (respiratory)
103
Q

Which fungi causes equine epizootic lymphangitis?

A

Histoplasma farciminosum

104
Q

Which fungi causes mycosis in human, dog and cat?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

105
Q

SPOROTHRIX

  • species?
  • habitat?
A

S. schenckii - saprophyte on vegetation

106
Q

Which fungi causes subcutaneus granulomatosis (sporotrichosis) in horse, dog, cat and human?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

107
Q

COCCIDIOIDES

  • species?
  • habitat?
A

C. immitis - soil

108
Q

Which fungi causes systemic mycosis in lungs of dog, horse, cat and human?

A

Coccidoides immitis

109
Q

BLASTOMYCES

  • species?
  • habitat?
A

•B. dermatitis: soil

110
Q

Which fungi causes blastomycosis (granulomatosis) in human and dog?

A

Blastomyces dermatitis

111
Q

Which species causes Chytridiomycosis of amphibians?

A

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Bacteriology (14 decks)

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