Lab 12 - Fungi Flashcards
1
Q
Sabouraud agar is used for culturing fungi.
A
True
2
Q
Fungi are able to do photosynthesis.
A
False, (no photosynthesis)
3
Q
Dermatophytes indubation condition time is 2-4 weeks.
A
True
4
Q
Yeasts incubation condition time is 1-4 days
A
True
5
Q
Dermatophytes can be cultured at 37 degrees.
A
False, (25 degrees)
6
Q
Batrachocochytrium dendrobatidis can cause chytridiomycosis of amphibians
A
True
7
Q
Coccoidioides immitis causes systemic mycosis in humans.
A
True, (also dog, horse and cat)
8
Q
S. schenckii causes subcutaneus granulomatosis in humans.
A
True, (also dog, cat and horse)
9
Q
B. dermatitis can cause blastomycosis (granulomatotis).
A
True
10
Q
Dimorphic fungi have mould form on media only.
A
False, (mould and environment)
11
Q
Stachybotrys atra forms black colonies.
A
True
12
Q
F. moniliforme can cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses.
A
True
13
Q
Glomeromycota phyla of fungi symbioses with plant roots.
A
True
14
Q
Dermatophytes are obligate anaerobic.
A
False, (obligate aerobic)
15
Q
T2 toxin can cause immunosuppression in cattle.
A
True, (also poultry and pigs)
16
Q
Fusarium has pigment production.
A
True
17
Q
Patulin causes inhibition of ruminal flora.
A
True
18
Q
Ochraceus causes kidney degeneration in cattle.
A
False, (in poultry and pigs)
19
Q
Fumonisins can cause pulmonary oedema in horses.
A
False, (in pigs)
20
Q
Ochratoxin is produced by A. ochraceus.
A
True
21
Q
Mycotoxicosis is caused by fungal toxins.
A
True
22
Q
Malassezia pachydermatis has characteristics morphology, bottle-shape cells
A
True
23
Q
Funguses are based on the 18S and the 26S ribosomal RNA gene.
A
True
24
Q
Fungi have five phyla.
A
True
25
Penicillin is produced by Penicillum rubrum.
False, (P. notatum, P. chrysogenum)
26
Aflatoxin is produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.
False, (by A. flavus)
27
Trichophyton verrucosum causes ringworm in cattle.
True
28
Cryptococcus neoformans cannot form colonies on artificial medium.
True
29
Candida albicans can be found on mucous membranes of infected animals only.
False, (can be found in the intestinal tracts and in the oral cavities of healthy individuals also)
30
Microsporum sp. is members of Dermatophytes
True
31
Malassezia pachydermatis can cause external otitis in dogs.
True
32
Resistance of asexual spores is higher than sexual spores.
False, (sexual spores has higher resistance)
33
Yeasts can be cultured at 37 degrees.
True
34
The pH of Sabouraud agar is higher than 6.5.
False, (pH of 5.5)
35
Stachybotryotoxins can cause immunosuppression in horse.
True
36
Dimorphic fungi have yeast form in host body.
True
37
Equine epizootic lymphangitis is caused by Histoplasma farciminosum.
True
38
F2 toxin can cause reduced fertility in cattle.
True
39
Dermatophytes cause superficial mycosis.
False
40
Cryptococcus neoformans forms mucoid colonies on Sabouraud agar
True
41
Fungo are prokaryotic microorganisms
False (eukaryotic)
42
Morphology of Dimorphic fungi depends on the composition of the medium, in the host they show mold-like colonies, in the environment yeast-like colonies.
False (opposite, yeast form in the host, mould form on media or environment)
43
Majority of fungi are obligate aerobic microorganisms
True
44
The aim of spore formation of fungi is the surival, like in the case of bacteria.
?
45
We can stain fungi with KOH solution.
False (hair or skin scrapings: clearing the specimen with 10% KOH)
46
Yeasts are gram-negative microorganisms
False (gram +)
47
The incubation time of M. pachydermatis is about 1-4 weeks
False (1-4 days for yeasts)
48
Optimal temperature for culturing Microsporum is species is about 35-37 degrees.
False (25 degrees for Dermatophytes)
49
As a result of PAS staining, fungi will be red.
False (pink)
50
Favus of poultry is caused by T.verrucosum.
False (Microsporum gallinae)
51
Culture of fungi - incubation temp. + time
1. Yeast
2. Aspergillus sp.
3. Zygomycetes
4. Dermatophytes
5. Dimorphic fungi:
a) mould phase
b) yeast phase
1. Yeast: 37 - 1-4 days
2. Aspergillus sp.: 37 - 1-4 days
3. Zygomycetes: 37 - 1-4 days
4. Dermatophytes 25 - 2-4 weeks
5. Dimorphic fungi:
a) mould phase 25 - 1-4 weeks
b) yeast phase 37 - 1-4 weeks
52
What is the basis of these names:
1. Anamorph name
2. Teleomorph name
3. Mitosporic fung
1. Anamorph name: on the basis of morph. of asexual form
2. Teleomorph name: on the basis of sexual form
3. Mitosporic fungi: there is no known sexual form
53
What are the 5 phyla of the Phylogenetic (Genotypic) classification
- Microspora
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Blastocladiomycota
- Glomeromycota – major ecological importance,
symbionts with plant roots
54
Which spores har sexual reproduction?
* zygospora (two hypha cells)
* ascospora (ascus)
* basidiospora (on club shaped structures: basidium)
55
Which spores har asexual reproduction?
- Conidia are forms on conidiophores: Arthroconidia, Chlamydoconidia, Blastoconidia, Macroconidia, Microconidia, Phialoconidia
- Sporangiospores are formed within sporangium.
56
Morphology
* uni- or multicellular, 3-100 µm, branching
* Moulds: grow as branching filaments called hyphae (2-10 µm in diam.)
* Yeasts: oval cells (3-5 µm)
* Dimorphic: occur in both forms (temp.!)
* colony types
57
Which cell structures does fungi have?
```
cell structure:
1. cell wall (chitin, hemicellulose, mucopolysaccharid,
protein, lipid – impart rigidity and osmotic stability)
2. septa (cross-walls): are often present in hyphae (central pore)
3. cytoplasma membrane (ergosterol)
4. nuclear membrane
5. nucleus
6. nucleolus
7. ribosomes
8. endoplasmatic reticulum
9. mitochondria
10. lomasoma
```
58
Staining
-unstained
.staining:
• simple staining (methylene blue)
• Gram-staining (yeast) →Gr +
• PAS (periodic acid –Schiff reaction) – in tissue sections
-hair or skin scrapings: clearing the specimen with 10% KOH
59
Culture
* heterotrophic (C: organic, N: organic/inorganic)
* Sabouraud agar (pH 5.5)
* Dimorphic fungi – yeast phase: blood agar
* pH 5-7 except: Dermatophytes (pH 7.0)
* obl. aerobic
* selective: penicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, cycloheximide
60
pH of fungi
5-7, except: Dermatophytes (pH 7.0)
61
Biochemistry
* no photosynthesis
* active metabolism (deterioration of food)
* extra cellular enzymes (→ bacteria)
* biochemical examinations: yeasts, dermatophytes
* mycotoxin production
* production of antibiotics
62
Antigens
* complex
| * serological tests in systemic diseases (yeasts)
63
Resistance
* sexual spores > asexual spores > vegetative parts
* good resistance
* dehydration, survive for years
* tolerate high osmotic pressure
* low pH
64
Identification
* morphology (macroscopic- microscopic)
* biochemical features (yeasts)
* serological examinations
* on the basis of genotype (PCR)
65
Pathogenicity
* facultative pathogens
* Mycosis: tissue invasion
* Mycotoxicosis: ingestion of fungal toxins which have been preformed in stored food or standing crops.
* Induction of hypersensitivity (allergy) – rare – associated with Chronic Pulmonary Disease in cattle or horses
66
Pathogenicity of saprophytes
-environmental fungi: commensal fungi
| •fungi of the skin and gut (sometimes facultative pathogens)
67
Types of mycosis
1. superficial:
- dermatomycosis (Candida sp., Malassezia pachydermatis)
- dermatophytosis (Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp.)
(invasion and destruction of keratinized structures)
2. subcutaneous mycosis (following penetration by foreign body)
3. systemic mycosis: prolonged AB therapy, immunosuppression
68
SPECIFIC MYCOLOGY
- YEAST
- MOULDS
- DIMORPHIC FUNGI
69
Mould species
- Dermatophytes
- Zygomycota
- Aspergillus
- Penicillium
- Fusarium
- Stachybotrys
70
Yeast species
- Candida
- Cryptococcus
- Malassezia
71
Dermatophytes generas
- Trichophyton
| - Microsporum
72
Pathogenecity of Candida
(yeast)
•C. albicans: human, piglet, calf, poultry: commensals on mucous membranes
•C. guillermondii: cattle genital mucous membrane
•C. tropicalis, C. krusei
73
Pathogenecity of Cryptococcus
(yeast)
- C. neoformans: large mucopolysaccharide, capsule produced, mucoid colonies, infection derived from the environment
•mastitis (cattle, goat)
•localized granuloma formation, systemic mycosis in cats, dogs, horses, cattle
74
Pathogenecity of Malassezia
(yeast)
-M. pachydermatis: bottle-shaped cells, commensals on the skin
•dog, cat dermatitis, external otitis
75
What are dermatophytes members of?
Members of Ascomycota
76
What does dermatophytes have affinity to?
- Affinity to keratinized structures
77
Colonies of dermatophytes
- colonize and invade skin, hair and nails
- Slow growing: Sabouraud + yeast extract is needed
- Obligate aerobic
- Tolerate cycloheximide in media
78
Key points of some dermatophytes:
- Mycelium
- Macroconidia
- Arthrospores
- Mycelium: often pigmented
- Macroconidia: formed in culture
- Arthrospores: shed from infected animals, remain infective for many months
79
Zoophilic group of dermatophytes
- M. canis, M. gallinae, T. equinum, T. mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum
- comprises obligate pathogens
- Cause characteristic circular skin lesions termed „RINGWORM”
80
TRICHOPHYTON
- What do they infect?
- Detection?
- Culture?
- Main species?
- Infect: skin, hair, feather → ringworm
- detection in skin scrapings
- culture: Sabouraud medium + yeast extract + cycloheximide, pH 7, 1-4 weeks, 25°C
- Main species:
•T. verrucosum: cattle, human
•T. equinum: horse, human
•T. mentagrophytes: dog, cat, human, rabbit
81
MICROSPORUM
• similar to?
• main species
- similar to Trichophyton
- main species:
•M. gypseum: dog, horse, human
•M. canis: dog, cat, horse, human
•M. nanum: swine (Pear-shaped or ovoid macroconidium)
•M. gallinae: chicken, turkey (favus of poultry)
82
Which fungi causes favus of poultry?
Microsporum gallinae
83
```
ZYGOMYCOTA
• which spore is sexual?
• which spore is asexual?
• generas?
• deterioration of?
• Main pathogenic cause?
```
* sexual: zygospores
* asexual: sporangiospores
* genera: Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
* deterioration of food and feed
* Main pathogenic cause: abortion in cattle
84
```
ASPERGILLUS
• member of?
• colonies?
• conidia terminally on?
• pathogens?
• main species?
```
* member of the phylum Ascomycota
* rapidly growing pigmented colonies
* conidia terminally on the hyphae
* respiratory pathogens, acquired by inhalation of spores
* main species:
* A. fumigatus
* A. flavus
* A. ochraceus
85
Which fungi causes lung mycosis of poultry, mycosis of eggs and abortion?
Aspergillus fumigatus
86
Which fungi causes hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, is a mutagen, carcinogen and teratogen in pig, poultry, cattle?
Aspergillus flavus
87
Which fungi causes kidney degeneration in pig and poultry, and Granulomatosis in the lung of chicken?
Aspergillus ochraceus
88
What is the toxin of Aspergillus flavus?
aflatoxin
89
What is the toxin of Aspergillus ochraceus?
ochratoxin
90
PENICILLIUM
• Morphology?
• Main species?
- Morphology: brush-like conidiophores
- Main species:
•P. notatum, P. chrysogenum: penicillin
•P. rubrum, P. viridicatum: mycotoxin production in feed
91
Which fungi species causes penicillin?
Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum
92
Which fungi species causes mycotoxin production in feed?
Penicillium rubrum and P. viridicatum
93
What types of mycotoxin does Penicillium rubrum and P. viridicatum produce in feed?
• rubratoxin: cattle hepatotoxicity
• ochratoxin: pig, poultry: renal toxicity
• patulin: cattle, sheep, pig: inhibition of ruminal flora,
acidosis, vomiting in pigs
94
```
FUSARIUM
• Habitat?
• asexual reproduction?
• production of?
• main species?
```
* Habitat: feed
* asexual reproduction: macroconidia, microconidia
* pigment production and mycotoxin production
* main species:
* F. graminearum, F. sporotrichoides : T-2, F-2 toxin
* F. moniliforme: fumonisins
95
Which fungi causes T-2 and F-2 toxin?
Fusarium graminearum and F. sporotrichoides
96
Which fungi and toxin causes cytotoxicity and immunosuppression in pig, cattle and poultry,
hemorrhage and feed refusal in pig, and rumenitis in cattle?
Fusarium graminearum and F. sporotrichoides - T2 toxin
97
Which fungi and toxin causes oestrogenic activity, hyperaemia, oedema of vulva, anoestrus in pig and cattle, reduced litter size in mature sows and reduced fertility in cattle?
Fusarium graminearum and F. sporotrichoides - F2 toxin
98
Which fungi and toxin causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary oedema in pig?
Fusarium moniliforme - fumonisins
99
Which fungi has utilisation of cellulose and black colonies?
Stachybotrys atra
100
Which fungi and toxin causes cytotoxicity, haemorrhages and immunosuppression in horse, cattle, sheep and pig, and necrotic lesion in the alimentary tract?
Stachybotrys - toxin: stachybotryotoxins
101
DIMORPHIC FUNGI
•Where is the yeast and mould form?
•genera?
- yeast form in the host, mould form on media or environment
- genera:
•Histoplasma
•Sporothrix
•Coccidioides
•Blastomyces
102
HISTOPLASMA
- habitat
- species and their habitat
- tropics, Mediterranean area
•H. farciminosum: soil
•H. capsulatum: systemic (respiratory)
103
Which fungi causes equine epizootic lymphangitis?
Histoplasma farciminosum
104
Which fungi causes mycosis in human, dog and cat?
Histoplasma capsulatum
105
SPOROTHRIX
- species?
- habitat?
S. schenckii - saprophyte on vegetation
106
Which fungi causes subcutaneus granulomatosis (sporotrichosis) in horse, dog, cat and human?
Sporothrix schenckii
107
COCCIDIOIDES
- species?
- habitat?
C. immitis - soil
108
Which fungi causes systemic mycosis in lungs of dog, horse, cat and human?
Coccidoides immitis
109
BLASTOMYCES
- species?
- habitat?
•B. dermatitis: soil
110
Which fungi causes blastomycosis (granulomatosis) in human and dog?
Blastomyces dermatitis
111
Which species causes Chytridiomycosis of amphibians?
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
