Lab 1: Anatomical Terminology, General Osteology, and General Arthrology Flashcards
median sagittal
a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body
- dividing it into equal left and right halves
sagittal
any vertical plane parallel to the median sagitall plane (= parasagittal plane)
coronal (frontal)
any vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal
- divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
transverse
(w/ reference to head, neck, and trunk) any horizontal plane
- divides body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
(w/ reference to limbs) any plane perpendicular to the long axis of the element
longitudinal
any plane that sections an element parallel to its long axis
planes of section
median sagittal sagittal coronal transverse longitudinal
terms of direction
superior (cranial) inferior (caudal) anterior (ventral) posterior (dorsal) medial lateral proximal distal
superior (cranial)
refers to 1 structure being above or closer to the head than another
inferior (caudal)
refers to one structure being below or closer to the feet or tail bone (coccyx) than another
anterior (ventral)
refers to one structure being in front of another
posterior (dorsal)
refers to one structure being behind another
medial
refers to one structure being closer to the median sagittal plane than another
lateral
refers to one structure being farther away from the median sagittal plane than another
proximal
refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is closer to the root (attachment) of the limb than another
distal
refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is farther away from the root (attachment) of the limb than another
palmar
the ventral surface (palm) of the hand or fingers
dorsal
the dorsal surface (back) of the hand or fingers
OR
the dorsal surface (back) of the foot or toes
plantar
the ventral surface (bottom or sole) of the foot or toes
specific terms: hands and feet
palmar
dorsal
plantar
specific terms: teeth
mesial distal lingual buccal occlusal
mesial
toward the anterior midline (ie. the midpoint btwn the 2 central incisor teeth) of the dental arch
distal
away from the anterior midline of the dental arch
lingual
toward the tongue (in reference to all teeth)
buccal
toward the cheek (in reference to the premolars and molars)
occlusal
the shewing surface that contracts the teeth in the other jaw (in reference to the premolars and molars)
superficial (external)
refers to on structure being closer to the outside (exterior) surface than another
more superficial = closer to external environment
deep (infernal)
refers to on structure being closer to the center (middle) of the head, trunk, or limbs than another
deeper = closer to the center
terms of movement
flexion / extension abduction / adduction rotation pronation / supination eversion / inversion plantarflexion / dorsiflexion circumduction opposition
flexion
movement that decreases the angle between two parts
- usually a movement to a more anterior location from anatomical position
extension
movement that increases the angle between two parts
- usually a movement to a more posterior location from anatomical location
abduction
movement of an appendage away from median sagittal plane
adduction
movement of an appendage toward median sagittal plane
rotation
movement that occurs around a central axis of a body part
pronation
rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (in extension) or inferiorly (in flexion)
supination
rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly (in extension) or superiorly (in flexion)
eversion
turning sole of the foot outward to face away from midline
inversion
turning sole of foot inward to face toward midline
plantarflexion
movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves inferiorly, as when you stand on your toes
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly, as when you stand on your heels
circumduction
movement of an appendage in a circular or cone-shaped path
- involves abduction/adduction and flexion/extension
opposition
movement of the thumb to touch a fingertip
- involves abduction/adduction, flexion, an dmedial rotation of the thumb
general osteology
compact bone
cancellous (spongy) bone
trabecculae
periosteum
osteons
Haversian Canal
nutrient artery
diaphysis medullary (marrow) cavity epiphysis metaphysis epiphyseal (growth) plate
types of bone tissue
1) compact bone
2) cancellous (spongy) bone
trabeculae
struts of bone that project toward the marrow cavity from the compact bone
- higher density near proximal and distal ends of long bones
periosteum
external layers of connective tissue surrounding bone
- tendons connect to this
endosteum
a connective tissue on surface of the bone that borders the marrow cavity
Haversian Canal
located at the center of each osteon
- carries nerves and blood vessels
- tend to run longitudinally
(aka) central canals
nutrient artery
large vessel that supply many bones (especially those of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg)
- enters the bone through the nutrient foramen
diaphysis
tubular shaft of a long bone
*long part of long bones
medullary (marrow) cavity
cavity in diaphysis that is filled w/ fatty yellow marrow
epiphysis
the end portion of a long bone
- has a separate ossification center
metaphysis
that portion of a mature bone
- sandwich btwn diaphysis and epiphysis
division of the skeleton
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
made up of:
- skull
- vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), hyoid bone
- thoracic cage (including the ribs, costal cartilages, manubrium and sternum)
appendicular skeleton
made up of:
- pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
- upper limb bones
- pelvic girdle (os coxae)
- lower limb bones
common osteological terms
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
tuberosity
tubercle
trochanter
process
articular surface
facet
condyle
epicondyle
head
neck
fossa
foramen
sulcus
tuberosity
a large eminence
tubercle
a small eminence
trochanter
a large, very prominent eminence
process
a bony prominence
articular surface
a joint surface
facet
a small articular surface
condyle
a rounded articular surface
epicondyle
a nonarticular projection next to a condyle
head
a large, rounded end of a bone
neck
the part btwn the head and diaphysis
- usually hay separate surgical and anatomical necks
fossa
a shallow despression
foramen
a hole
- a neurovascular opening
sulcus
a long, broad groove
ossification
process of replacing cartilage cells by bone
- occurs on metaphysal side of the growth plate
types of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
fibrous joints
connects bones by fibrous connective tissue
- synarthrosis
types of fibrous joints
suture
gomphoses
syndesmoses
suture
bones connected by a dense layer of fibrous tissue that binds to the periosteum of each element
(ie) skull
syndesmosis
bones connected by short collagenous interosseous ligaments
(ie) shafts of radius/ulna and tibia/fibia
gomphoses
joint btwn the teeth and bones of the face (maxilla and mandible)
cartilaginous joint
connects bones by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
types of cartilaginous joints
symphyses
synchondrosis
synchondrosis
bones connected by a plate of hyaline cartilage
(ie) btwn metaphysis and epiphysis of a growing bone
symphyses
bones connect by a pad of fibrocartilage
- limited amount of movement
(ie) pubic symphyses of the pelvis
(ie) intervertebral discs
articular cartilage
a layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of the adjacent bones
joint capsule
the enclosed space between the articular surfaces and the spaces btwn them
capsular ligament
elastic fibers that stretch from bone to bone
- external part of the capsule
bursa
a lubricating device that cushions a tendon as it crosses over bony or ligamentous surfaces
tendon sheath
a tubular bursa sac that surrounds a tendon over part of its length
articular disc
attached firmly to the fibrous joint capsule
- covered w/ synovial fluid
