5 LE Osseous Anatomy Flashcards
lower extremity is made up of:
pelvic girdle
lower limb
pelvic girdle (bony pelvis) bones
sacrum
hip bones
thigh bones
femur
lower leg bones
tibia
fibia
foot bones
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
pelvic girdle FCN
(1) weight being, force transmitted from trunk to femur or 1-3
(2) force transmission LE to axial
(3) movement
bipedal animals (human) center of gravity
along the spine due to diagonal femur
- re-centers support of trunk
- makes standing erect more efficient
- enables bipedal walking + standing on 1 leg
pubic rami FCN
forms strut to maintain integrity and support of arch
sacrum
fusion of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5)
coccyx
fusion of 4 vertebrae
bones of the hip bones (os coxae)
ilium
ischium
pubis
fusion of hip bones begins at
15-17 years of age
fusion of hip bones ends at
20-25 y`ears of age
acetabulum
(os coxae) socket for head of femur
obturator foramen
(os coxae) large passageway covered by tendinous membrane
features of the ilium
body
spines (4)
auricular surface
greater sciatic notch
spines of the ilium
(1) anterior superior iliac spine ASIS
(2) anterior inferior iliac spine AIIS
(3) posterior superior iliac spine PSIS
(4) posterior inferior iliac spine PIIS
auricular surface
where sacrum comes in
features of the ischium
body ramus ischial spine ischial tuberosity lesser sciatic notch
features of the pubis
body rami (superior / inferior) pubic crest pubic tubercle symphysial surface
pelvic fracture
fracture from direct trauma or force transmitted from fall on feet
- common in elderly, esp. due to osteoporosis + brittle bones
statistics of elderly healing from pelvic fractures
1/3 recover
1/3 recover but w/ problems
1/3 die due to infection
pelvic girdle articulations (5)
lumbosacral sacrococcygeal sacroiliac pubic symphysis coxal
pelvic ligaments
(1) supraspinous + anterior longitudinal (ALL)
(2) iliolumbar
(3) anterior/posterior sacroiliac
(4) anterior/posterior sacrococcygeal
(5) superior/inferior (arcuate) pubic
(6) obturator membrane
(7) sacrotuberous ligament
(8) sacrospinous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament
connects to ischial tuberosity
- creates sciotic foramen
- criss-crosses w/ sacrospinous ligament
- anchors pelvis
sacrospinous ligament
connects to ischial spine
- divides sciotic foramen into greater + lesser
- criss-crosses w/ sacrotuberous ligament
- anchors pelvis
why is sacrum tilted?
in order to transmit force from harsh landing from a jump
- the tilt rotates sacrum anteriorly but sacrospinous + sacrotuberous ligaments resist and prevent upward movement and anterior rotation
pregnancy + pelvic ligaments
increase relaxon (a hormone) in latter half of pregnancy allows pubic ligament to relax, increases movement @ pelvic joints esp. sacroiliac + pubic symphysis
spondylolysis
defect or fracture in neural or vertebral arch of the pelvis
- can be congenital or from athletic injury (stress fracture)
- often L5 / S1 area
spondylolisthesis
anterior displacement of lumbar vertebrae (L5)
- pelvic injury
- may result in compression of spinal nerve
causes of spondylolisthesis
spondylolysis
arthritis
loss of elasticity
spondylolisthesis may lead to
numbness + back pain
tightness of hamstring
increase size of pelvic inlet (esp. preggo problems during childbirth)
femur
(thigh) longest y heaviest bone in body
- length = 25% of height
- 2 different epiphyseal plate closures
femur epiphyseal plate closures
proximal end (hip) = 14 - 16 years
distal end (knee) = 18 - 22 years
weak areas of the pelvis:
pubic rami
acetabulum
sacral iliac joint
alae (flared wings) of ilium
straddle injury
pubic rami injury due to rushing from front
acetabulum injury
fall on feet from a large height
anterior features of the femur
head w/ fovea neck greater/lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line adductor tubercle lateral/medial epicondyles lateral/medial condyles
posterior features of the femur
intertrochanteric crest
linea aspera
intercondylar fossa
broken hip
broken neck of the femur
- most commonly fractured in those > 60 years b/c narrowest/weakest of bone
ligaments of the femur
iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
**unwind and wind depending on motion
IPI
FCN of femur ligaments
stabilize head of femur in acetabulum
tibia
medial, larger bone in the lower leg
tibia articulations
(1) femur
(2) talus
(3) fibula
FTF
tibia epiphyseal plate closure
proximal end (knee) @ 23 years
distal end (ankle) around 18 years
**growth @ knee ends last
features of the tibia
anterior crest medial/lateral condyles intercondylar eminence tibial tuberosity medial malleous
Osgood-Schlatter disease
quadricep tendon pulls away from bone @ tibial tuberosity
- occurs in children, esp. around puberty, who run run/bend/jump a lot
- causes pain + swelling
- disappears after stop growing
Osgood-Schlatter disease results in
larger tibial tuberosity b/c ligament pulls away which triggers growth
treatment for Osgood-Schlatter disease
take stress off by wearing band/strap around area to distribute force + tack down band ligament
- prevents ligament from pulling away from tibial tuberosity
fibula
lateral bone of lower leg
- most slender of long bones
fibula articulations (2)
(1) tibia
(2) talus
**no touch femur
fibula FCN (3)
(1) muscle/ligament attachment
(2) stabilize ankle
- *not weight-bearing b/c no touch femur
- *not necessary for walking
weight-bearing bones
must articulate w/ femur
features of the fibula
head (bumpy)
shaft
lateral malleous (smooth)
patella
“kneecap”
largest sesamoid bone
- develops in tendon of quadriceps
patella FCN (2)
(1) increase leverage on tendon
(2) maintain tendon position during flexion
features of the patella
base
apex
lateral facet (larger)
medial facet (smaller)
determining R/L patella
lateral facet (larger side) on the right side of the right patella
tarsals
ankle bones
- gliding surface (intertarsal)
- give flexibility
- joined by complex array of intertarsal ligaments named by bones connected
tarsal bones (7)
talus calcaneus navicular cuboid medial cuneiform intermediate cuneiform lateral cuneiform
The Coconut Never Curses Me (C) In (C) Latin (C)
talus
located on anterior foot
- only tarsal bone to articulate /w tibia + fibula
- no muscle or tendon attachements
- features: head, body, trochlea
**foot bone that projects out in ballerinas (by the ankle)
calcaneus
longest + strongest tarsal bone (medial)
- articulates w/ talus + cuboid
- sustentaculum tali (supports talar head)
- calcaneal tuberosity
**heal of foot
navicular
tarsal bone (medial)
- located between talus + cuneiforms
- navicular tuberosity
cuboid
tarsal bone (lateral) - tuberosity
cuneiform (3)
tarsal bone (middle of foot) - articulates w/ navicular + metatarsals 1-3
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
metatarsals
miniature long bones of the foot
- numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral (big toe = #1)
- closely bound by 2 ligaments
metatarsal ligaments
metatarsal ligaments
plantar ligaments
hallax
big toe
parts of the metatarsals
base (proximal) - tuberosity on MT#5
shaft
head (distal) - sesamoid bones on MT#1
phalanges
“toes”
minature long bones w/ base, shaft, head
- 14 total (3 each except big toe)
**middle/distal phalanges #5 (pinky toe) fuse in old age
terminal phalanx on each digit
smallest phalanx
- dorsally flattened (nail bed)
