4 UE Osseous Anatomy Flashcards
appendicular skeleton
upper extremity + lower extremity
upper extremity
pectoral girdle + upper limb
lower extremity
pelvic girdle + lower limb
upper extremity
pectoral girdle
arm
forearm
hand
pectoral girdle made up of:
scapula
clavicle
manubrium
arm made up of:
humerus
forearm made up of:
radius
ulna
hand made up of:
carpals (wrists)
metacarpals
phalanges
clavicle FCN
(1) strut - a movable crane-like support that keeps scapula/shoulder away from thorax so that arm can move freely
(2) protection VAN
(3) force transmission (UE to axial)
clincial app: CLAVICLE
- most commonly fractured bone
- 1st bone to ossify (5th-6th week in utero)
- last to close (epiphyses)
- no clavicle = arms pulled medially due to strength of pectoral
clavicle
bone that connects sternum to shoulder
**aka collar bone
features of the clavicle
sternal end acromial end sternal facet acromial facet shaft (2)
sternal end (clavicle)
the blunt/think end
- palpable
- sternal facet
- flat end
acromial end (clavicle)
flattened end
- acromial facet
superior shaft (clavicle)
smooth side of clavicle
inferior shaft (clavicle)
rough side of clavicle
- many grooves + ridges for muscle attachments y arteries/veins
clavicle articulations
acromioclavicular joint
sternoclavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
plane joint (gliding/sliding)
- coracoclavicular ligament
- acromioclavicular ligament
coracoclavicular ligament made up of:
trapezoid ligament (lateral) conoid ligament (inverted cone)
sternoclavicular joint made up of:
sternoclavicular ligament
interclavicular ligament
costoclavicular ligament
sternoclavicular ligament
anterior sternoclavicular ligament
posterior sternoclavicular ligament
scapula
connects humerus w/ clavicle
- highly mobile base from which upper limb moves freely
**aka shoulder blade
clinical application SCAPULA
winged scapula
acromium process fracture
winged scapula
scapula not fixed to thoracic wall very well
- caused by injury to long thoracic nerve, which innervates serratus anterior
- leads to decreased motion
acromium process fracture
most common fracture point in scapula
- absorbs force from clavicle
scapula borders
superior border
medial border
lateral border
scapula angles
superior angle
lateral angle
inferior angle
scapula processes
acromion process
coracoid process
scapula fossae
subscapular fossa
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
other scapula features
spine
glenoid cavity
scapula articulations
acromioclavicular joint
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
humerus
(arm) largest bone in upper limb
humerus features
head tubercles (2) neck (2) shaft (2 features) epicondyles (2) trochlea + capitulum fossae (2)
humerus tubercles
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
*intertubercular (bicipital) groove
greater tubercle
towards posterior side of humerus
intertubercular groove
found in btwn greater tubercle + lesser tuercle
- for long head of biceps brachii insertion
**aka bicipital sulcus
lesser tubercle
towards anterior side of humerus
anatomical neck (humerus)
visible from posterior side
surgical neck (humerus)
below tubercles
- visible from anterior side
- common fracture site
special features of the humerus shaft
deltoid tuberosity
radial groove
deltoid tuberosity
little bulge on medial humerus where deltoid attaches
radial groove
groove on posterior side of humerus
- for radial artery + brachial artery
- below triceps
types of epicondyles (humerus)
medial epicondyle
lateral epicondyle
medial epicondyle
bulge on medial side of humerus, near radius/ulna
- makes groove for ulnar nerve
lateral epicondyle
bulge on lateral side of humerus, near radius/ulna
- makes groove for ulnar nerve
trochlea
articulates w/ radial
capitulum
articulates w/ ulna
coronoid fossa
small depression on anterior side of humerus near radial/ulna articulation
- near trochlea
olecranon fossa
larger depression on back side of humerus where olecranon sits
humerus articulations
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
elbow (humeroradial) joint
elbow (humeroulnar) joint
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
joint for humeral head + glenoid cavity
elbow (humeroradial) joint
joint for humerus + radius
- radial collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
ligament that holds humerus to radius
- fibers blend w/ anular ligament
- lateral
elbow (humeroulnar) joint
joint for humerus + ulna
- ulnar collateral ligament
- medial
nerve of posterior surgical neck
axial nerve
nerve of radial groove (posterior)
radial nerve
- in between musculocutaneus nerve + ulnar nerve
- becomes median nerve
nerve of mid-humerus (anterior)
median nerve
musculocutaneus nerve
nerve of posterior medial epicondyle
ulnar nerve
ulna
(forearm) medial / pinky bone of forearm
- longer than radius
- stabilizes forearm
ulna features
olecranon
coronoid process
shaft
head
olecranon
widest part of ulna
- elbow joint
- trochlear notch
coronoid process
radial notch
**front of “C”
features of the ulna shaft
ulnar tuberosity
ulnar tuberosity
brachialis insertion for flexion
ulna head
distal end (end near the wrist)
- most narrow part of ulna
- ulnar styloid process
ulnar styloid process
the bump nearest the pinky-side of the wrist
ulna articulations
elbow joint
radioulnar joint
**does not directly articulate w/ carpals due to fibrocartilage articular disc
fibrocartilage articular disc
located between ulna and carpals
**aka triangular ligament
radius
(forearm) lateral bone of forearm
- lines up w/ thumb
- shorter than ulna
clinical application: RADIUS
colles fracture
colles fracture
complete transverse fracture of distal radius (near wrist)
- dorsal displacement of wrist
- esp. during winter time
- more common in older women (+50 years) due to weaker bones
- most common fracture of forearm
**causes wrist/hand to look like a fork when normal
features of the radius
head
neck
shaft
smooth on distal end (wrist)
rough/rigid on ventral end (elbow)
radius head
the narrow part of the radius, nearest the elbow
radial tuberosity
medial eminence of the radius
- location of biceps brachii tendon insertion
radial shaft
enlarged distally
- ulnar notch
- radial styloid process
ulnar notch
part of the radius that touches the ulna
radial styloid process
bump on thumb-side (lateral) of the wrist
interosseous membrane (IOM)
fibers connecting the radius + ulna
- essential during force transmission
- points toward pinky
\ //
radius articulations (5)
elbow joint proximal radioulnar joint middle radioulnar joint distal radioulnar joint radiocarpal (wrist) joint
proximal radioulnar joint
pivot joint near the elbow
- held by anular ligament
middle radioulnar joint
interosseus membrane
- syndesmoses
distal radioulnar joint
pivot joint
- held by dorsal radioulnar ligament + palmar radioulnar ligament
- articular disc (triangular ligament)
**relatively weak compared to radiocarpal joints
radiocarpal (wrist) joint
condyloid joint
- 2 radiocarpal ligaments
- 2 collateral ligaments
radiocarpal ligaments
holds radiocarpal ligaments together in order for hand to move w/ radius during rotation (supination/pronation)
- dorsal radiocarpal ligament
- palmar radiocarpal ligament
collateral ligaments
(radiocarpal/wrist joint)
radial collateral ligament
ulnar collateral ligament
**on the outside
carpals
(hand) 8 carpal bones arranged in 2 rows of 4
- give flexibility to wrist
- joined by complex array of ligaments named by bones connected (intercarpal ligaments)
**start @ proximal wrist crease (crease furthest from wrist)
intercarpal ligament
ligaments joining carpal bones
(carpal bones) proximal row
(lateral to medial)
scaphoid (radial)
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform (pinky)
**how do you spell slut? S-L-T-P… um, no
**Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle
pisiform
carpal bone in proximal row
- moleded to triquetrum
**pinky
(carpal bones) distal row
(lateral to medial)
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
**Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle
hamate
located on pinky side
- has hook
clinical application: CARPAL BONES
scaphoid fracture
hamate fracture
scaphoid fracture
most commonly fractured
- pain on lateral side
- poor blood supply = 3 months of healing/recovery
hamate fracture
nonunion fracture common
- hook breaks off
- only treated if causes pain (pushes against ulnar nerve)
- leads to decreased grip
metacarpals
(hand) bones in the palm
- numbered 1-5
- thumb = #1
- miniature long bones w/ 3 parts
- severely closely bound ligaments
features of the metacarpals
base (wrist)
shaft
head (phalanx)
deep transverse metacarpal ligament
ligament that hold 2nd 5th metacarpals heads juntos
phalanges
(hand) miniature long bones
- 14 total (3 in each phalanx, except thumb which has 2)
- smallest = terminal phalanx on each digit
terminal phalanx
smallest phalanx
- dorsally flattened (nail bed)
- mimics nail
clinical application: PHALANGES
most phalanges fractures = result of crushing of distal OR hyperextenstion of middle proximal
features of phalanges
base (near palm)
shaft
head (tips of fingers)
naming of phalanges
distal (fingertips)
middle
proximal (closest to palm)
