3 Abdominal Cavity II Flashcards
major quadrants of the abdomen
right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
abdominal regions
R/L hypochondriac R/L lumbar R/L inguinal or iliac epigastric umbilical hypogastric
location of kidneys
retroperiteneal
(left kidney) between T11 - L3
(right kidney) between T12 - L4
**liver pushes right kidney lower
kidny FCN
(1) excrete metabolic rate
(2) water, electrolyte, pH balance
kidney anatomy
fibrous capsule cortex medulla renal pyramid renal papillae minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis uretor hilum
medulla of kidneys
middle portion that is arranged into renal pyramids
renal circulation pathway (1)
aorta renal artery segmental artery interlobar artery arcuate artery cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole pertibular capillaries cortical radiate vein arcuate vein interlobar vein renal vein inferior vena cava
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renal circulation pathway (2)
aorta renal artery segmental artery interlobar artery arcuate artery cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole vasa recta cortical radiate vein arcuate vein interlobar vein renal vein inferior vena cava
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renal circulation pathway (3)
aorta renal artery segmental artery interlobar artery arcuate artery cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole vasa recta arcuate vein interlobar vein renal vein inferior vena cava
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renal vein
carries bad blood (deoxygenated) back to heart via inferior vena cava
nephron
a functional unit of the kidney
- there are various types of nephrons
components of the nephron
(1) renal corpuscle
(2) collecting system (tubules)
(3) blood supply
renal corpuscle
made up of
(1) glomerular capsule (tube)
(2) glomerulus (capillaries)
FCN: unregulated filtration
nephron urinary parthway
(1) glomerular capsule
(2) proximal convoluted tubule
(3) nephron loop (loop of Henle)
(4) distal convoluted tubule
(5) collecting duct
(6) minor calyx
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urine formation
(1) glomerular filtration
(2) tubular reabsorption
AND
(3) tubular secretion
(4) water conservation
blomerular filtration (urine formation)
create plasmalike filtrate of blood
tubular reabsorption (urine formation)
removes useful solutes from filtrate, returns them to blood
tubular secretion (urine formation)
removes additional wastes from blood, adds them to filtrate
water conservation (urine formation)
removes water from urine and returns it to blood, concentrates wastes
ureter
one per kidney
conveys urine from renal pelvis to bladder
- flow via peristalsis and hydrostatic pressure
arterial supply of ureter
renal artery
gonadal artery
venous drainage of ureter
renal vein
gonadal vein
bladder
muscular receptacle for urine
bladder anatomy
body
trigone
neck
arterial supply of bladder
internal iliac artery
venous drainage of bladder
internal iliac vein
urethra
tube that carries urine out of body from bladder
**shorter in females
major components of the digestive system
GI tract
accessory organs
components of the oral cavity
teeth hard palate soft palate tongue salivary glands (3)
total number of teeth
adult = 32 child = 20
**when Jamie was 32yrs old, I was 20yrs old
central incisor
erupts @ age 6-8
CI 6-8
lateral incisor
erupts @ age 7-9
LI 7-9
canine
erupts @ age 9-12
C 9-12
1st premolar
erupts @ age 10-12
1P 10-12
2nd premolar
erupts @ age 10-12
2P 10-12
1st molar
erupts @ age 6-7
1M 6-7
2nd molar
erupts @ age 11-13
2M 11-13
3rd molar
erupts @ age 17-25
3M 17-25
**aka wisdom tooth
regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharyns
muscle layers of the pharynx
external (constriction)
internal (elevation)
**work together to create peristalsis
esophagus
tube connecting oral cavity to stomach
- landmarks: C6 - T10
normal anatomical constrictions of esophagus
(1) junction of pharynx + esophagus (upper esophageal sphincter)
(2) aorta + left bronchus
(3) esophageal hiatus (opening)
problems with lower esophageal sphincter (at diaphragm) causes
(1) gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - acid reflex
(2) pyrosis - heart burn
clinical application of lower esophageal sphincter
GERD and pyrosis common in infants because the lower esophogeal sphincter is not as well developed
arterial supply of esophagus
inferior thyroid artery
left gastric vein
venous drainage
azygos vein
lower esophageal sphincter fact
physiological purpose
- dissolves after death
- cannot be seen in cadavers
regions of the stomach
cardiac
fundus
body
pyloric
anatomical features of the stomach
pyloric sphincter
great curvature
lesser curvature
rugae
muscular wall of stomach
(1) longitudinal - shortening motion
(2) circular - narrowing motion
(3) oblique - contraction @ angle that allows for greater destruction of food
arterial supply of stomach
celiac artery to gastric artery
venous drainage of stomach
(1) R/L gastric vein
(2) superior mesenteric vein
(3) splenic vein
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parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
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duodenum
1st 10in of small intestine
- connected to stomach
- “C” shape
- a recepticle
- mainly retroperitoneal
retroperitoneal
“potential” space behind the peritoneum in the abdomen
jejunum
next 3-5ft after duodenum
FCN of villi and microvilli (small intestine)
increase surface area for absorption
arterial supply of small intestine
superior mesentery artery
venous drainage of small intestine
superior mesentery vein
FCN of large intestine
store water + dehydrate water
**water absorption + rescue
large intestine anatomy
cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anal canal
features of large intestine
haustra
taenia coli
haustra (large intestine)
pockets
**the individual bulges in the large intestine
taenia coli (large intestine)
longitudinal muscle that creates bumps
- runs medially
**think drawstring of sweatpants
clinical application of the large intestine
increase fiber, increase size of feces
- not constipated or diarrhea
arterial supply of large intestine
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
venous drainage of large intestine
superior mesenteric vein
inferior mesenteric vein
accessory GI organs
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
liver location
right hypochondrium + epigastrium
liver sides
R/L functionally independent
- divided by falciform ligament
falciform ligament
ligament separating left from right lobe of the liver
liver FCN
(1) filter + detoxify blood via hepatic portal vein
(2) produce bile
(3) regulate nutrient metabolism by storing fatty acids
lobes of the liver
right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
porta hepatis
“liver door”
transverse fissure on visceral surface
- between caudate + quadrate lobes
- marks division of L/R hepatic artery + L/R portal vein
porta hepatis contains:
portal triad
nerves
lymphatic vessels
components of the portal triad
hepatic portal vein
bile duct
hepatic artery
quadrate lobe
next to gallbladder
- anatomically like the right lobe
- physiologically like the left lobe
caudate lobe
towards back side
- anatomically like the right lobe
- physiologically like the left lobe
**caudate = tail (think posterior side)
liver blood supply from the following sources:
(1) 70% = portal vein
(2) 30% = hepatic artery
70P 30V
portal vein
supplies 70% of blood for liver
- from GI vessels to liver sinusoids
- divides into L/R @ porta hepatis
**oxygen poor, nutrient rich
hepatic artery
supplies 30% of blood for liver
- from celiac artery
- fresh blood from heart
- divides into L/R @ porta hepatis
**oxygen rich, nutrient poor
prenatal circulation (liver)
ductus venosum
umbilical vein
**no need to process fluids during prenatal, fluids bypass liver
postnatal circulation (liver)
ligamentum venosum
round ligament
ductus venosum becomes
prenatal
ligamentume venosum
postnatal
umbilical vein becomes
prenatal
round ligament
postnatal
gallbladder
located in hollow between right and quadrate lobes of liver
- bile produced in liver, released into R/L hepatic ducts
- can flow into common bile duct OR be stored in gallbladder
- location of cholesterol digestion
clinical application of gallbladder
(1) cholecystitis - bile bladder inflammation
(2) gall stones - cholesterol stones/rocks
(3) can survive w/out gallbladder, only have to decrease cholesterol intake
arterial supply of gallbladder
cystic artery
venous drainage of gallbladder
cystic veins
pancreas
located in retroperitoneal in transpyloric plane
- cannot live w/out pancreas
pancreas FCN
(1) endocrine: insulin, alpha y beta cells
2) exocrine: secretions into ducts (bicarbonate HCO3 + enzymes
arterial supply of pancreas
(1) splenic artery
(2) superior pancreaticochondenal artery
(3) inferior pancreaticochondenal artery
venous drainage of pancreas
(1) splenic vein
(2) superior pancreaticochondenal vein
(3) inferior pancreaticochondenal vein
ductal components of hepatobiliary tree
(1) R/L hepatic ducts
(2) common hepatic duct
(3) cystic duct
(4) common bile duct
(5) pancreatic duct
(6) accessory pancreatic duct
esophagus anatomical landmark
C6 - T10
stomach anatomical landmark
under left ribs
liver anatomical landmark
under right ribs
kidneys anatomical landmark
(left) T11 - L3
(right) T12 - L4
abdominal aorta bifurcation anatomical landmark
at L4
appendix anatomical landmark
right iliac region
- McBurney’s Point: 1/3 way along spinal umbilical line from anterior superior iliac spine to naval
clinical application of appendix anatomical landmark
used for diagnosing appendicitis
- look for tenderness + digestion problems
