1 Intro & Arthrology Flashcards
classification of humans (taxonomy)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (have nerve cord)
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia (hair + mammory glands)
Order: Primata (primates: opposable thumbs & sizable brains)
Family: Hominidae (bipedal)
Genus: Homo
Species: sapien
*Homo sapien = wise man
physical human characteristics
upright mobility, dexterity/coordination
complex communication (collective learning)
collective learning
passing on learned info
mental human characteristics
reasoning, creativity, imagination
abstract thinking (future/past)
behavioral human characteristics
lying
spiritual/emotional human characteristics
morals, values
trying to find “meaning”
desire to prolong quality of life
ways to study anatomy
regional anatomy
systemic anatomy
regional anatomy
bones, nerves, muscles, vessels, etc. in each region
systemic anatomy
organ systems
anatomical position
standing facing forward arms @ sides palms forward feet together / toes forward
anatomical planes
frontal (coronal)
sagittal
midsagittal
transverse (horizontal)
frontal (coronal) plane
cuts into anterior/posterior (front/back)
frontal -> front & back
sagittal plane
cuts into right/left
midsagittal plane
cuts right/left directly down middle
transverse (horizontal) plane
cross section
cuts into top/bottom
ventral
toward the front or belly
- in humans aka anterior
- opposite of dorsal
(ie) aorta is ventral to the vertebral column
dorsal
toward back or spine
- in humans aka posterior
- opposite of ventral
(ie) vertebral column is dorsal to the aorta
anterior
toward the ventral side
- opposite of posterior
- in front
(ie) sternum is anterior to the heart
posterior
toward the dorsal side
- opposite of anterior
- in back
(ie) esophagus is posterior to the trachea
cephalic
toward the head or superior end
(ie) cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain
rostral
toward the forehead or nose
(ie) the forebrane is rostral to the brainstem
caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
(ie) spinal cord is caudal to the brain
superior
above
- opposite inferior
(ie) heart is superior to the diaphragm
inferior
below
- opposite superior
(ie) liver is inferior to the diaphragm
medial
TOWARD the median (middle) plane
- opposite lateral
(ie) heart is medial to lungs
lateral
AWAY from the median plane
- opposite medial
(ie) eyes are lateral to nose
proximal
CLOSER to the point attachment or origin
- opposite distal
(ie) elbow is proximal to wrist
distal
FARTHER from point of attachment or origin
- opposite proximal
(ie) fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers
superficial
closer to the body surface
- on the surface
- opposite deep
(ie) skin is superficial to muscles
deep
farther from body surface
- opposite superficial
(ie) bones are deep to the muscles
cranial cavity
associated visera: brain
membranous lining: meninges
vertebral canal
associated visera: spinal cord
membranous lining: meninges
thoracic cavity
made up of pleural cavities (2) & pericardial cavity
pleural cavity
associated visera: lungs
membranous lining: pleurae
pericardial cavity
associated visera: heart
membranous lining: percardium
abdominopelvic cavity
made up of abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
associated visera: digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
membranous lining: peritoneum
pelvic cavity
associated visera: bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
membranous lining: peritoneum
abdominal quadrants
right upper quadrant (URQ)
right lower quadrant (LRQ)
left upper quadrant (ULQ)
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
abdominal regions
epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region
hypochondriac region subcostal line lumbar region intertubercular line midclavicular line
epigastric region
above stomach region
umbilical region
midsection of stomach
hypogastric region
below stomach region
types of anatomical variation
A) bones - features depends on stress and age
B) muscle attachments
C) veins > arteries > nerves
D) racial/sexual differences
arthrology
study of joints
almost all movements occur at a ______
joint (articulation)
joint structure determines ______
function
(ie) may be immovable or movable
movement/range of motion determined by:
shape of articular surfaces @ joint
- (ie) think elbow
strength, flexibility of ligaments
- (ie) knee w/ ACL and MCL
tension, positioning of muscles and tendons
- think muscle tone
- (ie) quads/hamstring
opposition of soft tissue
- (ie) are other body parts in the way
articular arteries anatomose
communication btwn multiple branches of an artery
- how they merge/diverge
- network of vessels
- plexus
articular nerves
- branch from nerves that also supply the muscles that move the joint
- transmit sensory info for propioception
propioception
awareness of body position and movement
ways to classify joints
1) functionally
2) structurally
functional classification is based on:
degree of movement
types of functional classification
a) synarthrosis
b) amphiarthrosis
c) diarthrosis
synarthrosis joint
w/out movement
(ie) our skull is made of multiple cranial plates but they do not move after maturity
amphiarthrosis joint
slight movement
ie) teeth in our gums (fibrous joints
diarthrosis joint
free movement
(ie) ball and socket
structural classification is based on:
1) the presence or lack of a joint cavity
2) kinds of connective tissue
types of structural classification
a) bony
b) fibrous
c) cartilaginous
d) synovial
bony joint
made/held juntos by bone
fibrous joint
bound by collagen (fiber)
- no cavity
(ie) sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
caritlaginous joint
bound by cartiliage
- no cavity
(ie) synchondroses, symphyses
synovial joint
fluid-filled cavities
- 6 types
bony joints (synostosis)
formed by ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous joint
suture
fibrous joint
- synarthrodial
- types: serrate suture, lap suture, plane suture
serrate suture
most stable / strongest type of suture
- shortest fibers
(ie) coronal, sagittal & lambdoid
lap suture
average strength
(ie) squamous
plane suture
weakest suture due to less surface area
(ie) platine process of masillar
gomphoses
fibrous joint that connects teeth to alveolar socket in skull
- synarthrodial or amphiarthrodial (depending on text)
syndesmoses
fibrous joint that connects two bones
- amphiarthrodial
(ie) connection between tibia/fibia or radial/ulna
(ie) interosseous membrane (IOM)
(ie) fontanelles
* think: Moses divided the water to walk through it, thus syndesmoses is the fibrous joint that connects two bones
fontanelle
soft membraneous feature found only in growing babies/infants
- gone around 2-years-old
(ie) soft spot on infant head where the heartbeat can be seen
synchondroses
cartilaginous joint
- made of hyaline cartilage (most flexible)
- synarthrodial
(ie) rib #1 to sternum
(ie) epiphyseal plate or growth plate
symphyses
cartilaginous joint
- fibrocartilage
- amphiarthrodial
(ie) between each vertebral disc
(ie) fibrocartilage that fuses the pubic bones together
synovial joint mobility
a) articular cartilage - hyaline
b) synovial fluid - semi-viscous
c) synovial membrane
diarthrodial
- the ligament holding juntos
synovial joints basic parts
1) ligament
2) tendon
3) bursa
4) meniscus
ligament
connects bone to bone
tendon
connects bone to muscle
bursa
a fluid-filled sac that acts as cushion around joints
- acts as padding in high friction areas (ie. knees)
meniscus
pad for cushioning and stability
- extra cusion
flexion
↓ angle @ joint
extension
↑ angle towards 180˚
basically returns back to 0˚
hyperextension
↓ angle beyond 180˚
abduction (ABD)
move away from mid-body (midline)
(ie) arms and fingers
* abduct someone is to take away
* Daddy goes in, Baby comes out
adduction (ADD)
return toward midline
*Daddy goes in, Baby comes out
elevation
up towards frontal plane
(ie) shrugging up
depression
down, away from frontal plane
(ie) returning shoulders back to normal after shrugging
protraction
forward transverse plane
(ie) pushing door open
retraction
backwards transverse plane
(ie) pushing shoulders back to jut out chest
circumduction
conical motion at a fixed point
(ie) making little circles w/ arms
rotation
motion at a fixed axis
(ie) head shaking no
supination
turn palms face up (anatomical position)
- forearm bones are parallel
- supine
*in order to carry soup, palm must be face up
pronation
turn palms face down
- prone
dorsiflexion (DF)
move towards top, elevate toes
plantar flexion (PF)
pointing toes
inversion
turn soles medially/inwardly
eversion
turn soles laterally/outwardly
synovial joint: ball-and-socket
multiaxial (all 3 planes)
- flexion/extension
- abduction/adduction
- rotation
synovial joint: ellipsoid (condyloid)
biaxial (move in 2 planes)
- flexion/extension
- abduction/adduction
oval-shaped condyle fits into ellipsoidal cavity
(ie) radiocarpal
(ie) temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
(ie) atlanto-occipital joint
synovial joint: saddle (sellar)
biaxial
- flexion/extension
- abduction/adduction
two saddle-shaped (concavoconvex) surfaces articulate
(ie) carpometacarpal #1 - base of thumb
(ie) sternoclavicular
synovial joint: plane
monoaxial
- gliding/sliding motion
flat articulating surfaces
most common synovial joint
(ie) vertebral processes
(ie) intertarsal / intercarpal
synovial joint: hinge
monoaxial
- flexion/extension
- limited abduction/adduction
capsul laxity in direction of movment
(ie) knee
synovial joint: pivot
monoaxial
- only rotation
rounded/pointed or convex surface fits into ring of bone and ligament
(ie) atlantoaxial (C1 to C2) - skull to spine connection
