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ANP402 > 1 Intro & Arthrology > Flashcards

1 Intro & Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

classification of humans (taxonomy)

A

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata (have nerve cord)

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Mammalia (hair + mammory glands)

Order: Primata (primates: opposable thumbs & sizable brains)

Family: Hominidae (bipedal)

Genus: Homo

Species: sapien

*Homo sapien = wise man

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2
Q

physical human characteristics

A

upright mobility, dexterity/coordination

complex communication (collective learning)

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3
Q

collective learning

A

passing on learned info

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4
Q

mental human characteristics

A

reasoning, creativity, imagination

abstract thinking (future/past)

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5
Q

behavioral human characteristics

A

lying

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6
Q

spiritual/emotional human characteristics

A

morals, values

trying to find “meaning”

desire to prolong quality of life

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7
Q

ways to study anatomy

A

regional anatomy

systemic anatomy

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8
Q

regional anatomy

A

bones, nerves, muscles, vessels, etc. in each region

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9
Q

systemic anatomy

A

organ systems

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10
Q

anatomical position

A 
standing
facing forward
arms @ sides
palms forward
feet together / toes forward
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11
Q

anatomical planes

A

frontal (coronal)
sagittal
midsagittal
transverse (horizontal)

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12
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

cuts into anterior/posterior (front/back)

frontal -> front & back

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13
Q

sagittal plane

A

cuts into right/left

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14
Q

midsagittal plane

A

cuts right/left directly down middle

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15
Q

transverse (horizontal) plane

A

cross section

cuts into top/bottom

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16
Q

ventral

A

toward the front or belly

  • in humans aka anterior
  • opposite of dorsal

(ie) aorta is ventral to the vertebral column

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17
Q

dorsal

A

toward back or spine

  • in humans aka posterior
  • opposite of ventral

(ie) vertebral column is dorsal to the aorta

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18
Q

anterior

A

toward the ventral side

  • opposite of posterior
  • in front

(ie) sternum is anterior to the heart

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19
Q

posterior

A

toward the dorsal side

  • opposite of anterior
  • in back

(ie) esophagus is posterior to the trachea

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20
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head or superior end

(ie) cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain

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21
Q

rostral

A

toward the forehead or nose

(ie) the forebrane is rostral to the brainstem

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22
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail or inferior end

(ie) spinal cord is caudal to the brain

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23
Q

superior

A

above
- opposite inferior

(ie) heart is superior to the diaphragm

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24
Q

inferior

A

below
- opposite superior

(ie) liver is inferior to the diaphragm

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25
Q

medial

A

TOWARD the median (middle) plane
- opposite lateral

(ie) heart is medial to lungs

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26
Q

lateral

A

AWAY from the median plane
- opposite medial

(ie) eyes are lateral to nose

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27
Q

proximal

A

CLOSER to the point attachment or origin
- opposite distal

(ie) elbow is proximal to wrist

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28
Q

distal

A

FARTHER from point of attachment or origin
- opposite proximal

(ie) fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers

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29
Q

superficial

A

closer to the body surface

  • on the surface
  • opposite deep

(ie) skin is superficial to muscles

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30
Q

deep

A

farther from body surface
- opposite superficial

(ie) bones are deep to the muscles

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31
Q

cranial cavity

A

associated visera: brain

membranous lining: meninges

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32
Q

vertebral canal

A

associated visera: spinal cord

membranous lining: meninges

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33
Q

thoracic cavity

A

made up of pleural cavities (2) & pericardial cavity

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34
Q

pleural cavity

A

associated visera: lungs

membranous lining: pleurae

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35
Q

pericardial cavity

A

associated visera: heart

membranous lining: percardium

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36
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

made up of abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity

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37
Q

abdominal cavity

A

associated visera: digestive organs, spleen, kidneys

membranous lining: peritoneum

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38
Q

pelvic cavity

A

associated visera: bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

membranous lining: peritoneum

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39
Q

abdominal quadrants

A

right upper quadrant (URQ)

right lower quadrant (LRQ)

left upper quadrant (ULQ)

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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40
Q

abdominal regions

A

epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region

hypochondriac region
subcostal line
lumbar region
intertubercular line
midclavicular line
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41
Q

epigastric region

A

above stomach region

42
Q

umbilical region

A

midsection of stomach

43
Q

hypogastric region

A

below stomach region

44
Q

types of anatomical variation

A

A) bones - features depends on stress and age
B) muscle attachments
C) veins > arteries > nerves
D) racial/sexual differences

45
Q

arthrology

A

study of joints

46
Q

almost all movements occur at a ______

A

joint (articulation)

47
Q

joint structure determines ______

A

function

(ie) may be immovable or movable

48
Q

movement/range of motion determined by:

A

shape of articular surfaces @ joint
- (ie) think elbow

strength, flexibility of ligaments
- (ie) knee w/ ACL and MCL

tension, positioning of muscles and tendons

  • think muscle tone
  • (ie) quads/hamstring

opposition of soft tissue
- (ie) are other body parts in the way

49
Q

articular arteries anatomose

A

communication btwn multiple branches of an artery

  • how they merge/diverge
  • network of vessels
  • plexus
50
Q

articular nerves

A
  • branch from nerves that also supply the muscles that move the joint
  • transmit sensory info for propioception
51
Q

propioception

A

awareness of body position and movement

52
Q

ways to classify joints

A

1) functionally

2) structurally

53
Q

functional classification is based on:

A

degree of movement

54
Q

types of functional classification

A

a) synarthrosis
b) amphiarthrosis
c) diarthrosis

55
Q

synarthrosis joint

A

w/out movement

(ie) our skull is made of multiple cranial plates but they do not move after maturity

56
Q

amphiarthrosis joint

A

slight movement

ie) teeth in our gums (fibrous joints

57
Q

diarthrosis joint

A

free movement

(ie) ball and socket

58
Q

structural classification is based on:

A

1) the presence or lack of a joint cavity

2) kinds of connective tissue

59
Q

types of structural classification

A

a) bony
b) fibrous
c) cartilaginous
d) synovial

60
Q

bony joint

A

made/held juntos by bone

61
Q

fibrous joint

A

bound by collagen (fiber)
- no cavity

(ie) sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

62
Q

caritlaginous joint

A

bound by cartiliage
- no cavity

(ie) synchondroses, symphyses

63
Q

synovial joint

A

fluid-filled cavities

- 6 types

64
Q

bony joints (synostosis)

A

formed by ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous joint

65
Q

suture

A

fibrous joint

  • synarthrodial
  • types: serrate suture, lap suture, plane suture
66
Q

serrate suture

A

most stable / strongest type of suture
- shortest fibers

(ie) coronal, sagittal & lambdoid

67
Q

lap suture

A

average strength

(ie) squamous

68
Q

plane suture

A

weakest suture due to less surface area

(ie) platine process of masillar

69
Q

gomphoses

A

fibrous joint that connects teeth to alveolar socket in skull
- synarthrodial or amphiarthrodial (depending on text)

70
Q

syndesmoses

A

fibrous joint that connects two bones
- amphiarthrodial

(ie) connection between tibia/fibia or radial/ulna
(ie) interosseous membrane (IOM)
(ie) fontanelles
* think: Moses divided the water to walk through it, thus syndesmoses is the fibrous joint that connects two bones

71
Q

fontanelle

A

soft membraneous feature found only in growing babies/infants
- gone around 2-years-old

(ie) soft spot on infant head where the heartbeat can be seen

72
Q

synchondroses

A

cartilaginous joint

  • made of hyaline cartilage (most flexible)
  • synarthrodial

(ie) rib #1 to sternum
(ie) epiphyseal plate or growth plate

73
Q

symphyses

A

cartilaginous joint

  • fibrocartilage
  • amphiarthrodial

(ie) between each vertebral disc
(ie) fibrocartilage that fuses the pubic bones together

74
Q

synovial joint mobility

A

a) articular cartilage - hyaline
b) synovial fluid - semi-viscous
c) synovial membrane

diarthrodial
- the ligament holding juntos

75
Q

synovial joints basic parts

A

1) ligament
2) tendon
3) bursa
4) meniscus

76
Q

ligament

A

connects bone to bone

77
Q

tendon

A

connects bone to muscle

78
Q

bursa

A

a fluid-filled sac that acts as cushion around joints

- acts as padding in high friction areas (ie. knees)

79
Q

meniscus

A

pad for cushioning and stability

- extra cusion

80
Q

flexion

A

↓ angle @ joint

81
Q

extension

A

↑ angle towards 180˚

basically returns back to 0˚

82
Q

hyperextension

A

↓ angle beyond 180˚

83
Q

abduction (ABD)

A

move away from mid-body (midline)

(ie) arms and fingers
* abduct someone is to take away
* Daddy goes in, Baby comes out

84
Q

adduction (ADD)

A

return toward midline

*Daddy goes in, Baby comes out

85
Q

elevation

A

up towards frontal plane

(ie) shrugging up

86
Q

depression

A

down, away from frontal plane

(ie) returning shoulders back to normal after shrugging

87
Q

protraction

A

forward transverse plane

(ie) pushing door open

88
Q

retraction

A

backwards transverse plane

(ie) pushing shoulders back to jut out chest

89
Q

circumduction

A

conical motion at a fixed point

(ie) making little circles w/ arms

90
Q

rotation

A

motion at a fixed axis

(ie) head shaking no

91
Q

supination

A

turn palms face up (anatomical position)

  • forearm bones are parallel
  • supine

*in order to carry soup, palm must be face up

92
Q

pronation

A

turn palms face down

- prone

93
Q

dorsiflexion (DF)

A

move towards top, elevate toes

94
Q

plantar flexion (PF)

A

pointing toes

95
Q

inversion

A

turn soles medially/inwardly

96
Q

eversion

A

turn soles laterally/outwardly

97
Q

synovial joint: ball-and-socket

A

multiaxial (all 3 planes)

  • flexion/extension
  • abduction/adduction
  • rotation
98
Q

synovial joint: ellipsoid (condyloid)

A

biaxial (move in 2 planes)

  • flexion/extension
  • abduction/adduction

oval-shaped condyle fits into ellipsoidal cavity

(ie) radiocarpal
(ie) temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
(ie) atlanto-occipital joint

99
Q

synovial joint: saddle (sellar)

A

biaxial

  • flexion/extension
  • abduction/adduction

two saddle-shaped (concavoconvex) surfaces articulate

(ie) carpometacarpal #1 - base of thumb
(ie) sternoclavicular

100
Q

synovial joint: plane

A

monoaxial
- gliding/sliding motion

flat articulating surfaces
most common synovial joint

(ie) vertebral processes
(ie) intertarsal / intercarpal

101
Q

synovial joint: hinge

A

monoaxial

  • flexion/extension
  • limited abduction/adduction

capsul laxity in direction of movment

(ie) knee

102
Q

synovial joint: pivot

A

monoaxial
- only rotation

rounded/pointed or convex surface fits into ring of bone and ligament

(ie) atlantoaxial (C1 to C2) - skull to spine connection

ANP402 (19 decks)

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