L8 Flashcards
The two most common prosocial behaviours in mammals are ___ ___ in mating, and _____ ____ interactions
sexual interaction, mother-infant
any behaviour that directly contributes to the survival and optimal mental and physical development of fertilized eggs or offspring that have left the mother’s body
parental behaviours
species-specific and stereotypic examples of parental care include ___, ___ building, ___, ___/___, ___ and ___ of young. In many neonates, parental behaviours are the first __ ____
grooming, nest, feeding/nursing, carrying defence, social experience
mammalian ___ ____present characteristics that are unique to other social behaviours. Most social behaviours are displayed in ___ __, such as mating, aggression, and play, but parental care typically encompasses a long, ____ interaction between parents and offspring that can last days, months or years. Parental behaviours also involve either 1, 2 , or a multitude of ____ _____, are _____ and thought to emerge from a ____ neural circuitry that is highly ____ ___
parental behaviours, short bouts, prolonged, cooperating adults, non-reciprocal, core, evolutionarily conserved
when a pair of two sexes engage in preferential mating with one another and remain together, often both contributing to raising the offspring (biparental) - only 5% in mammalian species
monogamous mating system
when two sexes are attracted during mating, and once it is complete, they leave each other and the pregnant female gives birth and cares for her offspring by herself (uniparental)
polygamous mating system
Pair bonding is ____ and male infant directed behaviours vary, but ____ interaction is common to all mammals.
rare, mother-infant
Neural circuitry and ___ that underlie long-term mother=infant bonding provides a _____ ___ ___ upon which other types of strong social bonds (such as ___ __) have been built.
mechanisms, primordial neural scaffold, pair bonding
First is _____ in which an infant stimulus targets neural mechanisms that promote ____ and maternal care rather than than those that drive ___ and avoidance of infant stimuli (stimuli carry ___ ___)
recognition, attraction, rejection, positive valence
______ natural selection pressures have altered how dependent the core neural circuitry is on ____ and ___ to facilitate maternal behaviour
species-specific, hormones, experience
Maternal behaviours are also ____, as they depend on _____ _____ mechanisms that drive development of an enduring, long-lasting mother infant attraction
persistent, experience-dependent, neuroplasticity
The recognition process can be either ___ or ____, mediated by developmental maturity of the offspring. _____ animals that are born/hatched at an early stage of development are ___ and require substantial parental care to survive. This results in a _____ recognition process in which maternal care is directed toward a ____ infant stimulus rather than to particular infants. Mothers will commonly care for any ______ infant through the ____ period. Meanwhile, _____ animals are born/hatched at a more advanced stage of development and thus require little or no ____ ____ for survival, and typically leave the ___ shortly after birth. Thus, the recognition process is ____ and other conspecific offspring are _____
specific, nonspecific altricial, helpless, nonspecific, generic, conspecific, postpartum, precocial, parental intervention, nest, nonspecific, rejected
In monogamous animals, the mother-infant bonding is similar to _____ ____. Research on maternal-infant interactions can provide ___ on how selective and _____ attractions develops between _____ ____. In ___ animals, the neural mechanisms of ____ ___ are important, while in altricial animals, neural mechanisms of developing an enduring ___ are important
pair bonding, hypotheses, mating pairs, precocial, selective recognition, bond
Rodent maternal care consists for 4 stereotyped behaviours: _____ (passive with relaxed back or active with ___ back), _____ ____ and grooming, ___ building and ___ retrieval. Maternal motivation can be quantified as ___ to retrieve pups, amount of ___ ___ a dam will perform to gain access to pups, and the ___ of pup stimuli relative to other stimuli.
nursing, arched, anogenital licking, nest, pup, latency, physical effort, preference
postpartum dams will face _____ environments to retrieve pups, such as faster latency on the ___ ____ ____, or retrieval from a ___
threatening, elevated plus maze, box
In many species, virgin females and males ___ infants, and virgin rodents will commonly also ___ pups. In contrast, ___ dams exhibit maternal behaviour, regardless of whether the pups are her ____.
avoid, attack, postpartum, offspring
A study showed that when animals could press a lever on a ___ ___ schedule to gain access to a pup and retrieve it to bring it back to the ___, ____ dams pressed the lever more for access to pups than ___ ___ and more than _____ virgins.
continuous reinforcement, nest, postpartum, virgin females, ovarectomized
Maternal behaviour seems to be induced during ____, when there is shift in ___ of infant stimuli from aversive to positive. Neural systems that drive avoidance and infant directed _____ become inhibited in favour of systems that promote ____ and interaction. In females that have never given birth, their latency to a maternal response increases at age ___, then remains high. In females that give birth, their latency drops right at ____, and increases slightly again after ____ ends
parturition, valence, aggression, approach, 25, birth, lactation
In rats, the basic level of maternal responsiveness is present in both sexes which is _____ of hormonal action. When nulliparious ____, ___ and _____ females were continually exposed to young ___ ___, all three groups began to show maternal behaviour after ____ days, irrespective of hormonal status. ___ and ___ males also developed maternal behaviour.
independent, intact, ovariectomized, hypophysectomized, foster pups, 5-6, intact, castrated
If all rats have a basic level of maternal responsiveness if given sufficient exposure to pups, parturition must drive an enhanced ____ to infant stimuli. The rapid appearance of maternal behaviour at parturition depends on ___ ___ that occur in ___ gestation. If a newly parturient female is ____ of contact with pups during this period of heightened responsiveness ____
sensitization, hormonal changes, late, deprived, fades
In Orpen and Fleming’s experiment, ____ (pregnant for the first time) rats were C-sectioned at ____. After, animals were presented with ____ for the first time after varying lengths of time. Prior to testing foster pups were ___ and a new set of foster pups were placed into the _. Then _____ behaviour was tested through retrieval of ___ pups during a 15 minute observation period for 2 consecutive days and showing _______ _____ position over 4 pups on at least one of those days. There was heightened maternal responsiveness as long as pups were presented within ___ days post c section, suggesting this is the ___ period for pup experience
primigravid, E22, pups, removed, cage, maternal, 4, crouching lactating, 3, sensitive
after ___ days of no exposure to pups, ____ of maternal behaviour increased. this was also seen for ___ ___.
8, latency, virgin females
However, a ___ minute pup exposure during the sensitive window was sufficient to maintain ___ maternal responsiveness. When pup exposure was given for varied amounts of time ___ hours after C-section, maternal behaviour was seen with rats given ___ and ___ experience. However, rats given ____ or ____ of exposure did not show this
30, heightened, 24, 30 mins, 24 hrs, no, 15 min
During pregnancy, ____ begins to rise just after _____, and drops right before parturition. ____ is stable during the beginning of pregnancy and ____ just before parturition. _____ is low throughout pregnancy and has a steep rise and peak just before ______. It is also critical for ____.
progesterone, insemination, estradiol, peaks, prolactin, parturition, lactation
___ ___ from a pregnant rat to a virgin female can ellicit the simultaneous onset of maternal responsiveness in ____
blood transfusions, both
Sequential pretreatment of _____ followed by ___ is effective in inducing heightened maternal responsiveness in ____, ____ females. The effect of the hormone treatment is suppressed when administered ____ (a dopamine agonist). This inhibited the ____ release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. The maternal behaviour returned when ___ and ____ were simultaneously given. This implies that maternal behaviour may be induced via ____ driven surge in prolactin
progesterone, estradiol, nulliparious, ovariectomized, CB-154, estradiol-driven, CB-154, prolactin, estradiol-driven
Oxytocin peaks before ____ and remains high in the postpartum period. In the 1970s, ___ infusion of oxytocin didn’t induce maternal behaviour, and lesions of the ____ tract that prevented the release of oxytocin from the pituitary didn’t ____ maternal behaviour
parturition, intravenous, neurohypophyseal, block
Later is was found that OXTR activation would stimulate ____ release and _____ _____.
prolactin, uterine contractions
____ from the ovaries induces ____ receptors on the uterus. Oxytocin from the ____ and ____ bind to these receptors, and stimulates the uterus to ____, and the placenta to make _____. The prostaglandins stimulate more contractions on the uterus and feedback back to the ____ and to the ____.
estrogen, oxytocin, fetus, pituitary, contract, prostaglandins, placenta, fetus/pituitary
Later in the 1970s, immunohistochemistry experiments showed that ______ and ___ pathways projects from the hypothalamic nuclei to various ______ brain regions such as the _____ cells that modulate axonal release to distal brain regions, and the ____ cells that modulate dendritic release within the hypothalamus and axonal release into ___ ____
oxytocin, vasopressin, extra-hypothalamic, parvocellular, magnocellular, general circulation
Peripheral administration of oxytocin doesn’t induce maternal behaviour, but ______ ____ does.
intracerebroventricular infusion
When nulliparious, ovarectomized females that were treated with estradiol and progesterone after ovarectomy were given either ___ ____ ___, or ___ ___ _____, animals given AOA displayed significantly ____ maternal behaviour only in the first 2 hours of pup contact. Moreover, if oxytocin was given with AOA, it brought back maternal behaviour within the first ___ hours of pup contact. AVA also significantly decreased the ____ of maternal behaviour up until the first ___ hours of pup contact. This suggests that ___ oxytocin may mediate the _____ of rodent maternal behaviour but not ____ during the postpartum period
anti-oxytocin antiserum, anti-vasopressin antiserum, less, 2, onset, 6, central, induction, maintenence
Pregnant women in the second half of pregnancy who showed high ___ ____, showed a gradual increase in ___ ratio, while women who showed low attachment showed a gradual _____ in the ratio. However, there was no difference in the ratio near ____ or during the first ___ days. This is evidence that ___ and ___ profiles during pregnancy can influence human maternal attachment
maternal attachment, E;P, decrease, parturition, postpartum, estrogen, progesterone
During the postpartum period, ___ and ____ levels are elevated. These are necessary for ____, and oxytocin promotes maternal care such as ____ ___, maternal-fetal attachment, heightened ___ ____, ___ and ____, as well as ____ ____
oxytocin, prolactin, lactation, affectionate contact, social gaze, salience, synchrony, maternal sensitivity
Only ____% of mammals exhibit _____ structure, and it is associated with ___ mating systems.
3-5, biparental, monogamous
when different hormonal profiles support paternal vs maternal care
sexual convergence
___ is critical for parental behaviour in California mice, however, this is not true in most mammals where T ___ to mediate paternal behaviour.
testosterone, drops
vasopressin brain infusions into the ____ ____ facilitates paternal responsiveness in ___, ____ ___ ____. Simultaneously, you also see a decreased _____ ____ ________likely driven by an increase in AVP release
lateral septum, virgin, male prairie voles, vasopressin immunoreactive cells
brain areas associated with paternal care are the ___, brain area associated with pup directed avoidance and aggression is the ___ and ____
MPOA, BNST, MeA
____ _____ to the medial preoptic area greatly disrupts maternal behaviour such as ___, ___ and _____ of pups. It did not decrease other non maternal behaviours such as ______ and ____ the air. Moreover, both ___ and cycling _____ animals with MPOA lesions exhibited a significant reduction in ____ rate for pup reinforcement. _____ lesions to the MPOA also disrupts maternal behaviour.
electolytic lesions, licking, nesting, retrieval, grooming, sniffing, postpartum, multiparious, bar-press, excitotoxic
Direct _____ stimulation via infusions of ___, ___, ___ or _____ into the MPOA of __ ____ also facilitates maternal responsiveness
hormonal, estrogen, oxytocin, prolactin, dopamine, virgin females
maternal circuitry also requires ___ ___ of multiple hormones, neuropeptides and ____ in a broad range of brain regions. ____ information, ___, ____, ____/____, and _____ are all involved
coordinated signalling, neurotransmitter, sensory, reward, salience, avoidance/approach, emotion
In positive recognition, ___ information (infant stimuli) , is integrated by neurons in the ____. MPOA innervation of the ___ either directly or indirectly (through ____) mediate maternal ____. This occurs by partly by the VTA inhibiting the _____, which disinhibits the ____ ___, an area responsible for processing and executing motivated behaviours.
multisensory, MPOA, NAcc, VTA, responsiveness, NAcc, Ventral pallidum
the positive recognition is also driven by the motivational circuit which is modulated by the ___ ___ of the hypothalamus, the ___ ___, and serotonergic inputs from the ___ ___ ___.
paraventricular nucleus, lateral habenula, dorsal raphe nucleus
MPOA innervation of the ____ ___ and ___ __ mediate motor aspects of parenting
periaqueductal gray, reticular formation
The mPOA also inhibits circuits that drive _____ ___
infant-directed aggression
negative recognition starts when sensory information is processed by the __ ___ and the _____. Then, it is likely through the _____ ____ that this drives infant-directed aggression. The MeA and BNST inhibits the ___, suppressing approach and interaction.
medial amygdala, BNST, ventromedial hypothalamus, MPOA
when whole brain imaging is used with ____, parental female mice have a high level of activation in the ____, and ____ males show more neuronal activation in the ___ hypothalamus, MeA and ____
c-fos, MPOA, infanticidal, posterior, cortex
