L17 Flashcards
the maintenance of a small amount of information that’s held in an accessible state and is manipulated
working memory
In Baddeley’s model of working memory, the ____ is the central executive, the ___ is the attention controller, the ___ ___ is the episodic buffer for ____ processing, ____ and ____ areas are the phonological loop, and the __ __ is the visuo-spatial sketch-pad
PFC, ACC, parietal lobe, perceptual, wernicke’s broca’s, occipital lobe
In a working memory task in primates, they are given sample objects, then a ____, then they must identify in the test which object among them is _____ from the original set of objects. They could also be given 2 stimuli ___, a delay, then a ___ ___, then another delay. Then they must choose the ___ colour. They may also be asked to choose the correct associated _____ from a cue, after a delay
delay, different, colours, spatial cue, cued, object
In the early 1970s, ____ studies revealed that ___ neurons became activated during the ___ period of a delayed-response trial. It was found that these neurons have __ ___ properties, in other words, a neuron ____ fires to the representation of a visual target in the specific ___ of the visual field.
electrophysiology, PFC, delay, memory field, maximally, quadrant
Subsets of PFC neurons responded at differences phases, for example, they were ____ activated in the presence of a visual stimulus, and ___ activated during the delay when the stimulus was kept ____. There was phasic ____ during initiation of a ___ response.
phasically, tonically, online, reactivation, memory-guided
working memory, STM, and LTM are ___ memory streams that run in ___, each of which requires different ___ ___ and ___ ___.
separate, parallel, molecular substrates, signalling pathways
The medial PFC is ____ connected with the ____, meaning they are _____ _____.
reciprocally, BeA, inversely coupled
Lirry et al 2006, used pictures and asked participants to either ______ they were experiencing the situation (increase) , simply pay ___ to the picture (attend), or view the situation in the photograph as ____ (decrease). They proposed that a change in ___ ___ between the attend trials and ____ trials would represent the neural correlates of ___ ____. During emotional regulation, change in ___ activity was negatively correlated with change in amygdala activity. Salivary ___ levels were ____ correlated with mPFC activity and ___ correlated with amygdala activity.
imagine, attention, fake, neural activity, decrease, emotional regulation, mPFC, CORT, positively, negatively
Stimulating BLA ____ decreases activity in the mPFC. This is due to ___ activity which excites ___ activity.
terminals, glutamate, GABA
The BLA codes for _____ (positive/negative)
valence
Barsesgyan et al., 2010 asked what role do ____ have on working memory vs memory ____
glucocorticoids, consolidation
Barsegyan used a _____ ___ ____ tasks to test working memory, in the first trial, both arms are ___ and the animal makes a free choice. After a delay, the animal must enter the arm not entered in the ____ trial. The delay was set at an animal based level to achieve ____% accuracy, about ____s. However, this is not a good measure of working memory because the animals do not need to ____ information.
T-maze delayed alternation, rewarded, previously, 80, 14-20, manipulate
The ___ ___ ___ was used as a measure of ___ ____.
inhibitory avoidance task, memory consolidation
A vehicle or ______ ____ was given 1 hour the delayed alternation T-maze. For the inhibitory avoidance task, the animals were given ____, then administered the treatment, then _____ on the task
GR agonist, training, tested
GR agonist into the mPFC ____ performance on the delayed alternation task, but _____ memory consolidation of inhibitory avoidance
inhibited, enhanced
___ GR agonist in the mPFC ____ performance on the delayed alternation task but ____ memory consolidation of inhibitory avoidance
bilateral, impaired, enhanced
____ GR agonist into the mPFC had ___ effect on performance on the delayed alternation task but ____ memory consolidation of inhibitory avoidance
unilateral, no, enhanced
Inhibiting ____ but not ____ signalling, ___ and ____ activity, blocked the deleterious effects of GR signalling in the ___ on the delayed alternation performance.
beta-adrenoceptor, alpha-adrenoceptor, cAMP, PKA, mPFC
Systemic ____ administration increased ___ activity in the mPFC but only in animals that did the task. This shows that CORT only increases PKA activity if the animals are _____
CORT, PKA, aroused
Selectively activating ____ activity was sufficient to drive ____ in performance on the delayed alternation task and ____ consolidation on the inhibitory avoidance task
PKA, impairment, enhance
Systemic ____ impaired performance on the delayed alternation task, and enhanced memory consolidation through actions at _____ ___ ___.
corticosterone, membrane-bound GR receptors
Bilateral lesions of the BLA blocked the ____ effects of mPFC ____ ___ on performance in delayed alternation task.
impairment, GR agonist
Either ____ BLA lesions or ___ ____ ____ administration were sufficient to block the deleterious effects of systemic ____ on performance on delayed alternation.
bilateral, systemic beta-adrenergic antagonist, corticosterone
unilateral ___ ___ infusion into the mPFC during _____ enhanced inhibitory avoidance behaviour. This was blocked by ____ but not _____ BLA lesions
GR agonist, consolidation, contralateral, ipsilateral
When everything is calm, the mPFC normally ____ the BLA. During emotionally arousal, the ___ activity is increased, which inhibits the ______. During an acute stressor, the LC releases ____ onto the BLA, which increases its activity, inhibits the ___, and thus ___ itself
inhibits, BLA, mPFC, NE, mPFC, disinhibits
This paper is limited in that the T-maze delayed alternation task measure an animal’s ability to ___ and ____ information in the ___ _______ ___. Another limitation is that the authors ____ __ GR agonist into the mPFC. Under physiological stress, GR signalling would never be ____like this, meaning their findings may not translate to what you’d see with an ____ stress response
maintain, retrieve, short-term memory store, locally infused, localized, HPA
