L19 Flashcards
In risk reward decision making, there are cost benefits, such as ___, risk of ____, and ___ ___
delay, threat, outcome uncertainty
In the risky decision making task for rats, there is a safe reward, a lever that when pressed, leads to ___ sugar pellet delivered, as well as a large reward with a lever that when pressed, leads to ___ sugar pellets but is associated with a mild ____. The risk of footshocks _____ across blocks of trials in intervals of ____%. There is no __ ____, because the large reward is always delivered. There are ___ blocks consisting of 8 ___ ____, which helps the animal learn the contingencies, and 10 ___ ___.
1, 4, footshock, increases, 25, outcome uncertainty, 5, forced choices, free choices
In the RDT, as the risk of footshocks increase, animals choose less of the _____ /____ option and more of the ____ /____ reward option
large/risky, small/safe
Females generally exhibit ______ ___ ____, meaning they have a lower risky choice, or are more __ ____ than males
steeper punishment discounting, risk averse
Win stay lose shifts refers to how much the outcome on the ___ ___ affects decisions on the ___ trial. A high degree of win stay indicates that the rats are more sensitive to _____ ______, while a high degree of lose shift means they are more sensitive to ___ ____.
previous trial, next, positive feedback, negative feedback
____ tend to exhibit greater lose-shift behaviour than _____. The ___ ___ behaviour for positive feedback are ____ for men and women
females, males, win stay, similar
The other factors contributing to changes in risky choice include ____ sensitivity, reward ____, ___ ____, reward ___ ____, behavioural ____, and ____.
pain, motivation, working memory, magnitude discrimination, flexibility, satiety
In Orseni et al’s study, reward ___ was controlled for using the ___ ___ ____. ___ _____ was also controlled for by increasing the ___ of footshocks to find the ____ where minimal shock intensity elicits a ___ response. Satiety was controlled for in previous experiments by satiating animals on ___ before the trial, which found no ____ ___
motivation, progressive ratio task, shock sensitivity, intensity, threshold, flinch, food, significant effects
Orseni et al., ____ female rats and ______ males. Then they received a ____ day short term hormone treatment of ___ in males, and ___ in males and females. A ___ ___ ___ was done in males, and a __ ___ for the estrus phase was done in females. They used both a _____ and _____ design
ovariectomized, castrated, 7, Testosterone, EB, tail-vein blood draw, vaginal lavage, within-subjects, between-subjects
Orseni et al found that females exhibited ____ risky choice following ovariectomy. This was not driven by changes in ____ ____ (same win stay), or ____ _____, or ___ _____.
increased, outcome sensitivity, motivational drive, footshock sensitivity
Short term estradiol treatment decreased risky choice in ____ but not in ____ animals. This may be a ___ effects seen in sham animals. This effect was driven by _____ win-stay behaviour, in other words, estradiol _____ sensitivity to positive feedback. This is an unexpected result as females are usually more sensitive to ____ stimuli, not positive. In sham but not ovariectomized females, estradiol treatment decreased ____ ____, however this did not map onto changes in risky choice. Estradiol treatment also had no effect on ____ ____.
ovariectomized, sham, ceiling, decrease, lowered, aversive, reward motivation, shock sensitivity
There were no changes that were driven by difference in ________ of foot shocks. All changes were dependent on the ____.
understanding, wins
One thing is that ovariectomy maintains animals in ___, whereas estradiol treatment maintains them in _____. However, a previous study showed no effect of the ____ cycle on risky choice, using ___ __ females.
diestrus, proestrus, estrus, naturally cycling
Short term estradiol treatment ____ body weight in both sham and ovariectomized females during the RDT, but not during the _____
decreased, PR
Males exhibited ___ risky choice following castration, and this was driven by _____ win-stay behaviour, ie a ____ sensitivity to positive feedback. This was not driven by changes in ___ __ or footshock sensitivity.
decreased, decreased, lower, motivational drive
Short term testosterone treatment had ___ effect on risky choice
no
short term estradiol treatment increased ___ and _____ risky choice in both sham and castrated males. This was driven by decreased ____ behaviour, and not due to any changes in ____ ____.
omissions, decreased, win-stay, motivational drive
Castration in male animals ___ testosterone levels which was rescued by short term t treatment. Short term ___ treatment dramatically increased E levels. Short term estradiol treatment ____ body weight in sham and castrated males at the time of the ___ but not ____.
abolished, estradiol, decreased, PR, RDT
In summary, orseni’s experiment showed that ____ treatment decreased risky choice on the RDT task in ____ females but not sham females, and decreased risky choice for both ____ and sham males. In other words, estradiol ____ promotes risk aversion, in systems that are __ in estradiol.
EB, ovariectomized, castrated, unidirectionally, low
Normally, ____ decreases risky choice on the RDT task in both males and females. Additionally, females are more ___ to it at ___ doses (1.0mg/kg).
amphetamine, sensitive, lower
Dopamine D1 like receptors are ___ and ___, while dopamine D2 like receptors are ___, ___ and ___
D1, D5, D2, D3, D4
___ like receptor activity has no effect on risky choice in the RDT. ___ like receptor activity ____ risky choice and D2R blockade ____ the effects of amphetamine on risky choice.
D1, D2, decreased, abolished
The ___, ___ and __ ___ show differences in D2 receptor mRNA. The ___ ___ shows differences in D1 receptor mRNA
mPFC, OFC, dorsal striatum, insular cortex
A way to check if behavioural flexibility or ____ ____ changes are driving effects, you may change the _____ of the contingencies.
working memory, order
