L13 Guest Lecture Flashcards
When you have an infection, there is both an ___ and ____ immunity that leads to destruction of the pathogen
innate, adaptive
examines the interactions between the nervous, immune and endocrine systems
psychoneuroimmunology
Originally, the brain was considered ___ and separated from the peripheral immune system. This was due to the presence of the ___ ___ ___ that tightly regulates molecules entering the brain, and the absence of ____ ____. We now know that the brain is ____ and interacts with the peripheral immune system
immunoprivileged, blood brain barrier, lymphatic drainage, immunocompetent
There are marked similarities between ___ ___ produced by adaptive neuroimmune function, and ______ ______ produced by pathological neuroimmune function. Both are mediated by brain ___ production
sickness behaviours, neuropsychiatric disorders, cytokine
A paper by Rober Ader and Nicholas Cohen found that when sugar water was paired with ____, rats would stop drinking the water. ____ ____ just the water would results in the rats death.
cyclophosphamide, force feeding
In a conditioned immunosuppression task, adult male rats were conditioned to _____ paired with saccharin water. On day 3, they were injected with an ____ (___ ____). On day 9, the ______ levels were measured (immune response). They found that conditioned rats given only _____ after the antigen treatment ____ antibody concentration. However, ____ rats, or rats that did not receive saccharin after the antigen showed ____ antibody concentration. Moreover, when sugar water was ____ given, the immune response was suppressed further. This showed that the ___ ___ is able to condition an immune response and there must be a connection between them.
cyclophosphamide, antigen, immune challenge, antibody, saccharin, decreased, unconditioned, high, continuously, nervous system
Immunosuppressive drug
cyclophophamide
cytokines are ___ protein messenger secreted by immune cells such as ____ and ____. They have both ___ and ___ actions within local tissues, as well as ___ actions via their release into the bloodstream and subsequent signalling to the ___. Examples are _____, and the ____.
soluble, t-cells, b-cells, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, brain, interleukin, TNF
proinflammatory cytokines include ___, ___ and ____
IL-1beta, IL-12, TNF-alpha
antiinflammatory cytokines include ___ and ___
IL-4, IL-10
microglia are ____ immune cells of the brain that rapidly respond to an ___ ____. They communicate with the _____ system and continuously sample the microenvironment for ____ and ___ _____. Microglia have different ____ depending on the state of activation, though they are never at ____. In a less activated state, they are ___, have thin ___ and ____. In a more active state, they are ____ and have ___ morphology. Microglia are also important for brain development like ____ formation and ____.
resident, immune challenge, neuroendocrine, debris, dead cells, morphology, rest, ramified, projections, processes, amoeboid, round, synapse, elimination
in order for peripheral inflammation to signal the brain, cytokines bind to receptors on ___ ____. Activation of the vagus nerve leads to ______ effects to suppress a ____ inflammatory response.
vagal afferents, anti-inflammatory, systemic
the main nerve for the parasympathetic system; also regulates immune function
vagus nerve
Another way of periphery signalling the brain is cytokine signalling across the ___ ___ ____ via endocrine effects. The cytokine binds to a receptor near the BBB but does not ___ and exerts its effects
blood brain barrier, enter
Another way of periphery signalling to the brain involves the cytokine crossing into the brain at _____ ____ where the BBB is ___/leaky. In this way, cytokines can enter ___ ___
circumventricular organs, permeable, brain tissue