L1 Flashcards
The scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behaviour
behavioural endocrinology
coordinated responses of an organism to internal / external stimuli (ie. environment)
behaviour
Complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to / from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body
nervous system
collection of glands in an organism and the hormones produced by these glands
endocrine system
The endocrine system includes the ___, ____, _____ and ____ glands, as well as the _____. It also includes organs such as the ____, _______ _____.
adrenal, thryoid, parathyroid, pituitary, hypothalamus, testes, ovaries, pancreas
network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body from pathogens (or from itself)
immune system
Starling and Bayliss examined ____ secretion in dogs. They realized that whenever food or ___ was put into the ___, the pancreas would ____. This effect would be seen even if all the ___ were removed from the duodenum. Thus they postulated that rather than the two organs communicating via the ___ system, they were communicating by a _____ signal sent by the duodenum (ie. _____)
pancreatic, acid, duodenum, nerves, nervous, blood-borne, secretin
Starling defined that hormones are ___ ____ which speeding from cell to cell along the bloodstream, may ___ the activities and ____ of different parts of the body
chemical messengers, coordinate, growths
Berthold’s first formal experiment in endocrinology showed that male chickens that were _____ showed lower male-typical behaviour. However, either ___ or _____ of the testes resulted in normal male behaviour.
caponized, transplantation, reimplantation
Berthold’s experiment showed that testes are _____ organs, and that if they are, they can function and produce ____. Because all the testes functioned normally after all the nerves were severed, there are no specific nerves _____ testicular function. Berthold proposed that the testes must release some _____ ___ ____ product that’s responsible for the normal development of birds
transplantable, sperm, directing, secretory blood borne
In the late 19th century, physicians began reporting successful treatment of patients with ____ ____, by administering extracts of ____ ____ ______ (e.g. thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas)
hormone deficiencies, animal endocrine tissues
The term hormone, was coined by _____ in the early ____ century, which triggered an increased interest in research in hormones
Sterling, 20th
In the mid 20th century, Frank A Beach and William C. _____ produced ____ research on hormones and mating behaviour, which truly began the field of behavioural endocrinology
Young, seminal
In the late 20th century, the scientific journal _____ and _____, made its first publication. In ____, the society for behavioural neuroendocrinology was formed
hormones, behaviour, 1996
an organic chemical messenger released from endocrine cells that travels through the blood system to interact with cells at some distance away and causes a biological response
hormone
a hormone will not give a response if the cell is not a ___ cell, because it has no ___
target, receptors
____ ______ ____ ___ is as important as hormone concentration, as receptor ____ can produce ceiling or floor effects
hormone specific receptor availability, saturation
any substance that’s provided by a cell that affects the function of another cell
chemical messenger
a chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system
cytokine
a hormone produced by a neuron
neurohormonea
a peptide hormone produced by a neuron
neuropeptide
a steroid hormone produced by a neuron
neurosteroid
a chemical messenger that acts across the neural synapse
neurotransmitter
a messenger that changes (modulates) the response of a neuron to some other factors
neuromodulator
Oxytocin and vasopressin are hormones secreted from the ____ into the bloodstream to act on _____ tissues. They are also _____ as circulating OXT and AVP molecules are first synthesized by the ____ neurons in the _____. They can also be _____, as ____ and _____ neurons in the hypothalamus release OXT/AVP into local and ____ brain regions to affect ____ function
pituitary, peripheral, neurohormones, magnocellular, hypothalamus, neurotransmitters, magnocellular, parvocellular, distal, neural
Hormones are released into the ____, target cells that are ____mm to ____m away, and have a _____ ____ term effect of up to ____ days. They represent _____ signalling
bloodstream, 1, 2, delayed longer, 5, analog
neurotransmitters are released into the ____, target receptors that are ____ nm away, and have ____, ____ term effects (ms). it is _______ signalling (all or none response)
synapse, 20-30, fast, shorter, digital
both hormones and neurotransmitters are ____ ____ secreted inside the body, have ____ ___ in target cells, and affect a wide range of functions such as behaviour, ____, ____, ___ and ____
chemical messengers, receptor sites, digestion, reproduction, mood, metabolism
in order to study behaviour, you must first determine what behaviours are ____ to the question being asked from the complete ____ of behaviours
relevant, range
Then you must describe the behaviours, which involve both a description of the ___ and its _____
action, consequences
In interpreting the functions of behaviours, you must consider the proximate _____ (the immediate causation, ____ and ____), as well as the ultimate ____ (the _____ and ____ function)
how, mechanisms, development, why, evolutionary, adaptive
There are 3 interacting components that generate behaviour: the _____ ___ (input), the ____ (central processor), and the ____ (output)
sensory systems, CNS, effectors
Hormones themselves do not cause behavioural changes, rather they influence the three systems so that certain ___ are more ___ to elicit certain _____ that are appropriate for the behavioural or social context
stimuli, likely, responses
for example in rats, sexual signals such as ____ and _____ result in hormones inducing ______, which activates the ____ reflex
pheromones, odors, estrus, lordosis
behaviours can also affect hormone ______. Male rodents with previous sexual experience show increased _______ _____. In addition, the male “_____” can induce ______ increases
levels, testosterone-deoendent aggresssion, intruders, androgen
There are 3 types of evidence necessary to establish a modulatory link between hormones and behaviour. First, a behaviour that depends on a particular hormone should ___ when the source of or actions of the hormone are _____. Second, the behaviour should ____ when the hormone is re-introduced. Third, the hormone ___ and behaviour should be _____.
diminish, removed, reappear, levels, covariant
