L16

Question 1

Semantic memory is the memory of general __ and facts. The ___ lobe and ___ ___ cortex collect information from different brain areas to create semantic memory

Answer 1

knowledge, temporal, inferior parietal

Question 2

Episodic memory is the ____ memory of an event or ___, including the who, what and ___. The ____ is responsible for creating and recalling episodic memory

Answer 2

autobiographical, experience, where, hippocampus

Question 3

Emotional memory is the memory of the ___ you felt during an experience, and is supported by the ___

Answer 3

emotions, amygdala

Question 4

Procedural memory is the memory of how to perform a common ___ without _____ thinking. The ___ is associated with producing procedural memory and creating new ____

Answer 4

tasks, active, striatum, habits

Question 5

When there is sensory input, sensory memory keeps the memory, but if it is ______, it is lost. If it is attended to, it enters short term memory, and any memory there that is ___ will be lost. Memories that are ___ will enter long term memory. Some memory in LTM may be lost over ___

Answer 5

unattended, unrehearsed, encoded, time

Question 6

There are ____ trillion synapses in the cerebral cortex. 1 synapse is ____ bits, and 1 bit is ____ bytes. So, the brain has _____ TB of storage capacity.

Answer 6

125, 4.7, 0.125, 74

Question 7

______, persistent changes in synaptic ____ underlies learning and memory

Answer 7

experience-dependent, efficacy

Question 8

long lasting strengthening of synapses based on previous patterns of activity

Answer 8

long term potentiation

Question 9

__ ___ becomes the neural substrate that encodes the experience. Collection of neurons fire together at the same time of learning, and this ____ firing strengthens / _____, the synapses between the neurons, resulting in increased synaptic ____, increasing the likelihood of firing at the time of ____

Answer 9

cell assembly, synchronous, potentiates, strength, retrieval

Question 10

LTP is historically and predominately studied in the _____, but a variety of other brain regions such as the ___, ___ and ____ also show LTP processes.

Answer 10

hippocampus, amygdala, cortex, cerebellum

Question 11

To stimulate LTP, a very high ___ stimulation is given to _____ neuron A, and the ____ neuron B is recorded. In regular LTP, over time, neuron A has to fire ___ to get more firing in neuron B. In dendrites without their ___ ___, LTP can decay over time.

Answer 11

frequency, presynaptic, postsynaptic, less, cell bodies

Question 12

There are many possible mechanisms for LTP, such as more ____ on the postsynaptic neuron, or more ____ in the presynaptic neuron.

Answer 12

receptors, firing

Question 13

Early phase LTP is ______ and ___ activity independent, and results in __ ____ memory consolidation that last a minutes to a few hours. It is independent of __ ___

Answer 13

kinase, cAMP, short term, protein synthesis

Question 14

Late phase LTP involves __ ___, ___ ___ and is ___ dependent. It results in _____ memory consolidation that lasts hours to weeks to ____.

Answer 14

gene transcription, protein synthesis, cAMP, years

Question 15

Glucocorticoid’s effects on memory consolidation are ______. Glucocorticoids can enhance or impair memory consolidation by facilitating or _____ LTP in the ___ and _____. This follows an inverted ____ dose-response curve. At low levels, corticosterone is positively correlated with the strength of _______ potentiation, but at high levels, corticosterone is ____ correlated with it

Answer 15

bipotential, suppressing, amygdala. hippocampus, U-shaped, hippocampal, negatively

Question 16

diamond et al. used ______ electrophysiology in vivo in anesthetized rats, and a stimulation protocol to mimic neural input to the _____ that could induce _____. In animals that were intact or had an _______, there was a low population spike. In animals that had an adrenalectomy and _____ug of _____, there was a higher population spike. Past this concentration, the population spike went _____. However, since the data was around ___ minutes post-induction, they could not disentangle between early phase and _____ LTP.

Answer 16

extracellular, CA1, LTP, adrenalectomy, 20, CORT, down, 30, late-phase

Question 17

Lupien et al., used accuracy on a _____ _____ task, which assays ______ ___ ___ memory. The task involved a ___ minute delay, and administration of _____, which inhibited CORT production. This inhibition of endogenous CORT ____ performance when there was a delay

Answer 17

word recall, declarative short term, 30, metraypone, impaired

Question 18

In lupien et al’s 2nd experiment it was found that ___ GC treatment in the late ____ when endogenous CORT levels were low _____ performance on word recall, providing overall faster __ ____.

Answer 18

exogenous, afternoon, enhanced, reaction times

Question 19

CORT’s effects on LTP is dependent on the amount there is relative to ____/ ____ levels

Answer 19

endogenous, baseline

Question 20

Mineralocorticoids and glucocoricoids can easily go ___ ___, and target brain regions that are important for -_ and ____.

Answer 20

into cells, learning, memory

Question 21

Mineralocorticoid receptors have a high affinity of ______, (higher than that for _____), and have a restricted _____, with higher expression levels in the ____, ____, lateral ____ and __ ___in the brain stem. they maintain ___ and ___ in networks, and ____ LTP

Answer 21

glucocorticoids, aldosterone, distribution, amygdala, hippocampus, septum, motor nuclei, excitability, stability, increase

Question 22

glucocorticoid receptors have _____x lower affinity for glucocorticoids than MRs, and are ____ distributed and abundant all over the brain but particularly dense in the __ and ____ (cingulate). They ___ and ___ network activity and ___ LTP

Answer 22

10, widely, hippocampus, PFC, suppress, normalize, decrease

Question 23

First, glucocorticoids bind to ____, and ____ them to ____ memory. Then, GCs begin to bind to _____, and saturate them, resulting in ______ memory.

Answer 23

MRs, saturate, improve, GRs, impaired

Question 24

Avital et al found using extracellular electrophysiology that pharmacological blockade of ___ but not ___, prevented LTP. Blocking both ____ LTP. They also found that ___ ____ ______ decreased LTP compared to controls, and this effect was exacerbated by __ blockade. However, when _____ were antagonized in acute stress animals, LTP was ____. This is because MRs were already _____ due to the stressor, and ____ were blocked, so ___ CORT could not bind to them, and LTP remained high

Answer 24

MRs, GRs, abolished, acute swim stress, MR, GRs, enhanced, saturated, GRs, excess

Question 25

Long term memory is enhanced for _____ events, in other words, emotional stimuli are remembered better than non-emotional stimuli. Being in an emotional state at or near the time of ____ enhances ____ and _____. However, ___ does not equal emotion. There is a common misconception that the _____ ____ tracks negative emotion and will respond to any stimulus that feels subjectively bad or ____. ____ ____ and cortisol levels are not the same thing.

Answer 25

emotional, encoding, consolidation, acquisition, stress, HPA axis, pleasant, subjective stress

Question 26

Cahill et al used a ___ scan and videos with mostly ___ clips or ____ clips. They ____ which video was shown first, with sessions that were ___ days apart. After ___ weeks, there was a recall test. Clips from the ___ film were confirmed to gain a higher emotional rating, and were more likely to be ___ than the neutral films. There was also a positive correlation between the number of emotional films recalled and __ ___ activity, and this was not seen for neutral films. This shows that amygdala activity is only correlated with memory performance under conditions of emotional _____

Answer 26

PET, emotional, neutral, counterbalanced, 3-7, 3, emotional, recalled, right amygdala, arousal

Question 27

Okuda et al., performed a novel object recognition task, where one group was ___ to the apparatus, and one groups was not. The group that was not was the __ ___ group. Afterwards, animals were either given ___ or ____, then placed back in the test. A ___ hr retrieval test when CORT was still high, showed _____ discrimination between the old and novel object in animals in the ___ ___ condition who were administered _____mg/kg CORT. Those in the low arousal condition showed _____ effect, with all doses of CORT. After 24 hours, when CORT was normalized, there was still ___ ___ of CORT in the habituated group, but ____ discrimination in animals in the high arousal conditioned administered 1mg/kg of CORT

Answer 27

habituated, high arousal, saline, CORT, 1, impaired, high arousal, 1, no, no effect, enhanced

Question 28

Smeets et al., had three groups, one where a stressor was given ___ a word list, (encoding) one where it was given ___ the word list (consolidation) and one where it was given before ____ _____ ____ (retrieval) The stressor was a __ ___ ___ that increased salivary CORT levels. Compared to no stress controls, the _____ stress group showed enhanced recall of emotional but not ____ words, and this was ___ correlated with CORT. The ___ stress group performed worse, and had neutral and emotional recall accuracy ____ correlated with CORT. There was no effect for the ___ stress group.

Answer 28

before, after, delayed cued retrieval, cold pressor task, consolidation, neutral, positively, retrieval, negatively, encoding

Question 29

Roozendaal et al., 2003 trained rats in a morris water maze and administered a ____ ___ or saline ___ hours later directly into the ____. __ hour later was a retrieval test. The GR agonist _____ performance. This effect was reversed by ____ ____ lesions.

Answer 29

GR agonist, 24, hippocampus, 1, decreased, bilateral BLA

Question 30

Roozendaal and McGaugh 1997, found that infusing a GR agonist into the hippocampus during ____ _____ inhibitory avoidance behaviour. A GR _____ impaired water maze spatial performance. These effects were reversed by lesioning the _____ but not the _____. In conclusions, glucocorticoids can impair or enhance memory in the presence of the ___, but do nothing without it. Additionally GR _____ infusion in the BLA during encoding ____ water maze spatial performance.

Answer 30

encoding, enhances, antagonist, BLA, CeA, BLA, antagonist, impaired.

Question 31

Roozendaal & McGaugh’s 1996 experiment showed that systemic ____ treatment or a GR _____ infusion in the BLA during consolidation, ____ inhibitory avoidance performance

Answer 31

dexamethasone, agonist, enhanced

Question 32

Roozendaal et al., 2003, found that a unilateral GR agonist infusion in the ____ during consolidation ____ inhibitory avoidance behaviour. This was blocked by ___ but not ___ BLA lesions

Answer 32

mPFC, enhanced, contralateral, ipsilateral

Question 33

Intra-BLA infusions of ____ antagonists at encoding blocked ____ effects of ____ treatment at consolidation. This shows that glucocorticoids effects on memory depend on _____, and that through unknown mechanisms, this exerts ___ effects on memory consolidation.

Answer 33

beta-adrenoreceptor, enhancing, DEX, NE, enhancing

Question 34

Daily ____ CORT administration for __ days increased the number of active ____ neurons in the ____ at rest. Normally, the LC releases ___ into the ___, which increases the firing rate of cells that project to ____ regions such as the __ and ____, but not the striatum.

Answer 34

systemic, 7, Ne-releasing, LC, NE, BLA, limbic, hippocampus, CeA

Question 35

To summarize the pathway, glucocorticoids and ___ trigger ___ NE release. This NE binds to _____ receptors in the ____. This binding results in the __ and __ ___ pathway to be activated. This affects how the BLA ___ to other brain regions

Answer 35

epinephrine, LC, beta-adrenergic, BLA, cAMP, protein kinase, projects