L18 Flashcards
Meso refers to the midbrain ____ nuclei and the ____
dopaminergic, VTA
Cortico refers to the ____ and the ____
PFC, OFC
limbic system mainly refers to the ___ and ____, residing mainly below the __ ___ __
amygdala, striatum, medial temporal lobe
Executive function involves mentally playing with ___, taking the time to ___ before acting, meeting ___ and ___ challenges, resisting ____, and staying ___,
ideas, think, novel unanticipated, temptation, focused
the core domains of executive function include response ____, ____ control, ______ ____, and cognitive ____
inhibition, interference, working memory, flexibility
___ and ____ display the most robust androgen receptor binding affinity
testosterone, DHT
There is robust distribution of androgens in the ___, ___, ___ and ____.
VTA, NAcc, mPFC, OFC
Androgens bind to ____ ___ to exert genomic effects. They may also be locally ____ to _____ and act on ERs to exert genomic effects. They can also modulate other NT systems, such as changing ___ signalling. Androgen binding to ____ ____ ERs or ARs can also exert ____, non-genomic action. They may also act as __ ____ for other NT receptors, exerting ____ modulation of receptors like ____.
intracellular ARs, metabolized, E2, dopamine, membrane bound, rapid, allosteric modulators, rapid, GABA-A
Welker and Carre, 2015, found that undergraduate men who were given ___ puzzles to solve, had a positive correlation between ____ spent on them and baseline _____
impossible, time, testosterone
Hauger et al., 2020, used those who were either ___ or non-dependent on __ ___, in comparison to ______ controls. They found that those using AAS were better in ___ ___ and ___ ____, but were lower in __ ___ and ____.
dependent, anabolic steroids, weightlifter, problem solving, working memory, mental flexibility, inhibition
The types of behavioural flexibility include ____ learning, __ ____ shifting, and ___ ___ shifting
reversal, strategy set, attentional set
It was found that those given testosterone took ___ to display reversal learning, ______ __ ____, and ____ ___ ____. This was despite the fact that ___ was unaffected for the first two.
longer, strategy set shifting, attentional set shifting, acquisition
Haluk and Floresco 2009 found that a __ ___ ___ infused into the VTA increased _____ on ___ ___ or strategy set shifting
D2 receptor agonist, perseveration, reversal learning
Wallin-miller et al. 2016, castrated animals in ____, and found decreased __ ___ in the ___ _____ following chronic (__ weeks) of a high dose ___ treatment. This was correlated with ___ ___ and ___.
adolescence, spine density, nucleus accumbens, 8, T, less input, LTP
Pasqualini et al., 1995 found that giving _____ female rats ___ into the NAcc increased DA in ____ from the striatum, decreased DA ____ __ ____, increased DA ____, and decreased ____ binding
ovarectomized, estrogen, dialysate, reuptake transport density, synthesis, D2R
Frye, 2007, found that ______ treatment causes stronger ____ ____ ____. ____ added to this treatment causes the same result. this treatment and _____ causes a baseline place preference. This treatment and _____ causes again, strong place preference. However, ______ only causes baseline preference. In conclusion, it is ____ that are acting on GABA receptors specifically to produce this effect
3-alpha-androstandiol, conditioned place preference, flutamide, bicuculline, muscimol, muscimol, androgens
a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors
3-alpha-androstanediol
Endogenous neurosteroids strongly ___ the inhibitory tone of ___
enhance, GABA
A GABA-A receptor antagonist
bicuculline
GABA-A receptor agonist
muscimol
Floresco et al, 2006, found that a D2 ___ and ___ agonist treatment in the mPFC increased _____ on strategy set shifting
antagonist, D4, preservation
Adler et al. 1999 found that gonadectomy decreases _______ concentrations in the cortex, due to decreased DA in the ____. However this is ___ ___ and it eventually increases over time. Moreover, they found that the effects of gonadectomy are sensitive to ___ treatment
thyroid hormone, terminals, short term, testosterone
Aubele & Fritzer, 2011, found that gonadectomy ____ basal DA release in the ____ in the short term, but increases it over time. Moreover, the effects of gonadectomy were sensitive to ___ treatment but not ___
decreases, cortex, testosterone, estradiol
Locklear et al., 2017 found that castration increases __ ___ in the VTA and ___, an effect that can be reversed by ____ treatment but not estradiol
burst firing, mPFC, testosterone
Munestuna et al., 2009 found that ___ ____ stimulates androgen and ___ synthesis in the gonads. This study tested the effect of retinol on ____ brain slices. Application on these slices resulted in increased ____, ___, (enzymes that synthesize E2 and T respectively) ___ and ____ (cellular retinoid binding protein. Incubation with retinoic acid results in increased __ and ___
retinoic acid, estrogen, hippocampal, P45017a, P45-arom, ER-beta, CRBP-2, estradiol, testosterone
Tobiansky et al., 2018 measured testosterone in the blood and _____ brain regions with ___ ____ ____ ______ in controls or gonadectomized animals. They found that gonadectomy produces no testosterone in ____, but still showed it in the ___, __ and ____, showing that the steroids were produced locally in the brain
mesolimbic, mass spec tandem HPLC, blood, VTA, mPFC, NAcc
In an experiment __ ___ was given to male rats to block ___ which synthesizes androgens. Sham and gonadectomized animals given this _____, increased ____ ____, and this was due to androgens in the __ not blood
abiraterone acetate, BYP17A1, systemically, cognitive flexibility, brain
____ ____ Americans have used AAS’s. Correlational studies have shown associations between AAS use and many high risk behaviours such as driving while ___, ____ violence, unsafe sex and __ use, not wearing ___ or ___, etc.
3 million, intoxicated, physical, drug, helmets, seatbelts
Shanton et al. 2011, found that participants on the ____, typically chose the low risk decks over ____. For both men and women, ___ baseline testosterone correlated with ____ choice of optimal decks
IGT, time, lower, more
In a case study of patients with ___ damage performing a ____ task, it was found that the patients were aware of making the ___ decision, but they couldn’t seem to fix this mistake. Moreover, their ___ ___ and ___ were normal. However, their ___ ___ and ___ ___ was specifically impaired
OFC, reversal, wrong, working memory, IQ, impulse control, decision making
Zeb and Winstanely 2002, found that ___ lesions impaired the learning of optimal strategies in the ___ __ ____
OFC, rat gambling task
The role of ___ signalling in the OFC in risk reward decision making has not been studied
androgen
Rogers 1972, used a __ ___ ____ where grains were spread out on an arena with colourful pebbles that resembled food, where chickens could ___ at multiple sites. _____ was measured. It was found that females were more _____ than males. _____ males or those given ____, showed the same result as females. Castrated males given ____ showed male typical ____ flexibility
behavioural flexibility task, forage, perseverence, flexible, castrated, anti-androgen, testosterone, lower
