L7 Flashcards
the degree to which individuals live with conspecifics in groups of societies
sociality
Across social groups, groups vary in ___, ____ and ___ of defined roles or relationships. ____ groups are large, transient, and loosely organized. ____ groups are small, stable and have defined roles or relationships.
size, composition, structure, gregarious, selective
sociality promotes protection from ____, ____ maintenance, ____ opportunities, and less _____. However it also promotes ___, ___ and ____. Ultimately, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
predators, resource, mating, infanticide, competition, infection, conspicuousness
Overall, if ___ ___ pressures drove development of sociality and sociability, the ___ ___ and ___ systems underlying social behaviours should have evolved in parallel and be relatively ____ across species
natural selection, neural circuits, neuromodulatory, conserved
The tendency to seek social interactions with individuals of the same species
sociability
sociability is determined by ___ ____ (liking) and ____ (wanting). Many social behaviours are ____, ____ and ___ without being explicitly taught. These behaviours comprise of robust, _____ action progressions, often necessary for survival and successful reproduction. They are ____ regulated
social reward, motivation, innate, instinctive, initiated, stereotypical, developmentally
There are 4 phases of innate social behaviours: 1. ______, the identification of the presence of location of a distant social target through unique ____ cues emitted by the target
2. _____, the reduction of distance to the social target
3. ______, closely exploring the social stimulus and gaining enough information to proceed with the ___ and potentially _____ interaction
4. ______, the action of the specific social interaction
detection, sensory, approach, investigation, appropriate, rewarding, consummation
Innate social behaviours are ___ with experience and ____ for more efficient consummation
refined, practice
Innate social behaviours are hardwired but ____. The readiness to transition from one phase to the next depends on ___ ___, ____ factors, and the individual’s ___, ___ ___ and past ____. This flexibility allows the execution of relevant social behaviours in relevant social ___ towards relevant social ____.
flexible, internal states, environments, sociability, social memory, experiences, contexts, targets
Oxytocin and vasopressin are ___ and found in diverse organisms of distinct taxa. ____ existed in 700 Ma
ancient, homologs
Oxytocin has 1 receptor that is ____ coupled, and is ___ ___
G-protein, concentration dependent
Vasopressin has 3 receptors, ___, ___ and ___.
V1A, V1B, V2
AVP and OXT are ____ conserved in modulating social and reproductive behaviours, but the specific behaviours that they regulate are various and __ ____. For example, in the male prairie vole, AVP stimulates behaviours associated with _____ such as parental care, __ ___, and selective mate preference, but not in the polygamous ___ ___. In male field sparrows, the AVP homolog increases ____ and ____. Increasing ____ levels in the VP of meadow voles leads to social behaviours similar prairie voles.
evolutionarily, species-specific, monogamy, mate guarding, meadow vole, aggression, vocalization, V1AR
Species-specific behavioural regulation are mediated by species specific oxytocin and vasopressin ___ ____ _____ in the brain rather than differences in the neuropeptides themselves
receptor expression patterns
OXT and AVP are ___ synthesized in the ___ and ___ nuclei of the ____
neuropeptides, paraventricular, supraoptic, hypothalamus
Oxytocin and vasopressin expressing cells in the PVN and SON both receive and send projections ____. Many of these ____ but the ____ of certain pathways differ (e.g. ___ vs. output only, vs. input only)
centrally, overlap, directionality, reciprocal
AVP expressing neurons are found in the ____ and ____, which are regions that are __ ___ in rodents. There were major sex differences found in their ___ and ____ patterns
BNST, MeA, sexually dimorphic, input, output
Given the structural similarities of OXT and AVP and their respective receptors, there’s a high degree of ___ ___. Vasopressin shows a high affinity to the ____ receptor, and in rats, bind better to it than to the ___- receptor.
cross talk, OXT, V1a
There can be synaptic release, which involves no ___ ___, synaptic release that involves cross talk, where the molecules can bind to receptors on another cell that doesn’t receive an ____ ___. There can also be ______ or ____ transmission which involves cross talk
cross talk, action potential, non-synaptic, volume
Oxytocin, vasopressin and their respective receptors form an ____ system and rarely function in isolation. In the context of ____ or love, oxytocin binds to ______, producing nonselective social ___ and ____. In contexts of fear or _____, AVP or OXT binds to _____ and produces non selective social ____, ____, ___ and _____. Both systems can also produce selective __ and ____, ___ behaviour, and ____ behaviour. AVP can also bind to the OXTR no matter the perceived ____ ____ because it is nonspecific
integrated, safety, OXTR, salience, reward, anxiety, V1AR, communication, investigation, aggression, territoriality, love bonding, parental, sexual, internal state
All ecological social behaviours require underlying mechanisms such as ___ ___, ____, _____, ___ and ____
social salience, recognition, memory, reward, motivation
Picking the appropriate animal model is important. for example, _____ ____ show a large amount of aggression, but only to non partners, while syrian hamsters are ___ and thus display aggression to everything
prairie voles, solitary
detection requires the sensory processing of _____ social cues. Approach and investigation depend on ___ __, integration of social cues within the ___ ____, and recall of __ ____. Investigation also depends on __ ____, and the outcome of this investigation depends on ___ ____. Consummation depends on ___ __ and ___
salient, social recognition, present context, previous experiences, social communication, social motivation, social reward, memory
In Hung et al.’s experiment, a 30 minute ______ was set up with two rooms of different bedding. Then, rodents were _____ to associate a specific type of bedding with either a ___ or ____ environment. Then in the post test, they were tested on which ____ they prefer.They also targeted OXT neurons projecting to the __ ___,
pre-test, conditioned, social, isolated, bedding, DA, VTA
In Hung et. al.’s study, controls showed a high preference for ____ contexts in the post test. When they used a selective expression of a proteins that ___ the pathway, there was ___ preference. This abolishment of preference was also seen with conditional ____ of OXT receptors in DA neurons, suggesting the effects are driven by actions on ____. However, this experiment assumes that social interaction is inherently _____, and the pathway _____ social reward and processing
social, inhibited, no, knockout, OXTR, rewarding , facilitates
When rodents were given the option to interact with a juvenile or a __ ___, ____ neurons were more active during interactions with the juvenile. ____ ____ also shows increases in ____ with the juvenile interaction only. It was also found that _____ projecting OXT neurons in the PVN are active during social investigating
toy mouse, PVN, fiber photometry, Ca2+, VTA
Using _____, activation of the ____ –> ___ pathway while the animal was in a social context was sufficient to increase the time spent in a social context in an _____-dependent manner. ____ of the same pathway reduced time spent.
optogenetics, PVN OXT, da VTA, OXTR, inhibition
It was found that activation of the PVN OXT –> daVTA pathway during previous ___ ____ increased the present social interactions in the absence of ____. However, the activation must be restricted to ___ ___. _____ or ____ photostimulation had no effect on future social interactions. This effect was also seen for the __ of this pathway
social contexts, photo-stimulation social contexts, continuous, non-selective, inhibition
in vitro, application of ____ oxytocin on VTA cells that project to the ___ makes them increase in firing. If a ______ is applied, this increasing in firing is not seen. Thus, ____ releases OXT onto the daVTA, which release ____ onto the ___, which in turn facilitates ___ ___
synthetic, NAcc, OXTRa, PVN, DA, NAcc, social reward
voluntary actions intended to benefit others, motivated by affiliation and empathy
prosocial (affiliative) behaviours
the ___ ___, ___, ___ and __ ___ underlie prosocial behaviours
ventral pallidum, hypothalamus, midbrain, motor effector sites
rats will exhibit empathy like behaviours to both ___ and ___ conspecifics. They will also free trapped __ ___ even when no contact was possible between the two animals after door opening (door opening was not driven by ____ ____). _____ also opened the door faster than males. The value of freeing the trapped cage mate was also comparable to the value of accessing ___ ____, which the rats also ___ with the trapped cage mate.
familiar, stranger, cage mates, social reward, females, chocolate chips, shared
rats have a preferential bias for prosocial behaviours for ____ members. However, this shaped by ___ __ rather than genetic similarity. Rats will help rats of different ____ as long as they were ____ with one member of that strain for an extended amount of time. Rats will also not help their own strain if they were ___ by other strains of rats.
in-group, social experience, strains, housed, raised
Rats can also recognize and discriminate between _____ ____ in unfamiliar conspecifics. An observer animal will sniff ___ animals more than a neutral animal, and a ____ animal more than a neutral animal. This effect was abolished with selective ____ ____ of the PVN OXT –> ___ neurons, but not with the same neurons that project to the ___, ___ ___ or ______ of the hippocampus.
emotional states, fearful, relieved, chemogenetic inhibition, CeA, NAcc, Medial PFC, CA2
alternations in the ____ gene expression is a risk factor for ___ and lowers ____ levels in the CeA. Transgenic animals for this gene still show preference for a ____ mouse over an object, but do not show preferential ___ for fearful or relieved animals over neutral animals. This suggests that the effect produced by this pathway is driven by discrimination of emotional states rather than ____ ___
dysbindin-1, SZ, OXT, novel, sniffing, general sociability
Prairie voles exhibit emotional ___ and perform ____ behaviours toward familiar conspecifics. For example, observers ___ __ more upon reunion with a cage mate demonstrator, and they also ____ with the demonstrator, even if they themselves did not undergo ____ conditioning. There is also an increased ____ _____ concentration in the observer vole if the demonstrator was stressed and placed across a clear _____ barrier where the animals could not provide consolatory care.
contagion, consolatory, self groom, freeze, fear, plasma corticosterone, perforated
Consolatory behaviours were specific to ___ conspecifics, as there was an increase in ___ when reunited with mates and ___, but not with strangers. We know allogrooming is not a _____ behaviour because only the ____ exhibits increased allogrooming, not the ____.
familiar, allogrooming, siblings, self-consolatory, observers, demonstrators
allogrooming provides ___ ___, creation and maintenance of ___ ___, enforcement of ___ and social structure, and interchange of ____
health benefits, social bonds, hierarchy, favours
Consolatory behaviours in prairie voles are dampened when ___ ___ is administered i.c.v. into the _____
oxytocin antagonist, ACC
In humans, regions of the _____ ___ and ___ ___ ___ have been linked to empathy. Moreover, the ___, ___ and ____ were activated when participants viewed a person being excluded from a ball game. Activity in the __ ___ ___ and dorsal ACC positively correlated with reported ___ ____
medial PFC, Anterior cingulate cortex, DMPFC, MPFC, VMPFC, bilateral anterior insula, trait empathy
