L7

Question 1

the degree to which individuals live with conspecifics in groups of societies

Answer 1

sociality

Question 2

Across social groups, groups vary in ___, ____ and ___ of defined roles or relationships. ____ groups are large, transient, and loosely organized. ____ groups are small, stable and have defined roles or relationships.

Answer 2

size, composition, structure, gregarious, selective

Question 3

sociality promotes protection from ____, ____ maintenance, ____ opportunities, and less _____. However it also promotes ___, ___ and ____. Ultimately, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

Answer 3

predators, resource, mating, infanticide, competition, infection, conspicuousness

Question 4

Overall, if ___ ___ pressures drove development of sociality and sociability, the ___ ___ and ___ systems underlying social behaviours should have evolved in parallel and be relatively ____ across species

Answer 4

natural selection, neural circuits, neuromodulatory, conserved

Question 5

The tendency to seek social interactions with individuals of the same species

Answer 5

sociability

Question 6

sociability is determined by ___ ____ (liking) and ____ (wanting). Many social behaviours are ____, ____ and ___ without being explicitly taught. These behaviours comprise of robust, _____ action progressions, often necessary for survival and successful reproduction. They are ____ regulated

Answer 6

social reward, motivation, innate, instinctive, initiated, stereotypical, developmentally

Question 7

There are 4 phases of innate social behaviours: 1. ______, the identification of the presence of location of a distant social target through unique ____ cues emitted by the target
2. _____, the reduction of distance to the social target
3. ______, closely exploring the social stimulus and gaining enough information to proceed with the ___ and potentially _____ interaction
4. ______, the action of the specific social interaction

Answer 7

detection, sensory, approach, investigation, appropriate, rewarding, consummation

Question 8

Innate social behaviours are ___ with experience and ____ for more efficient consummation

Answer 8

refined, practice

Question 9

Innate social behaviours are hardwired but ____. The readiness to transition from one phase to the next depends on ___ ___, ____ factors, and the individual’s ___, ___ ___ and past ____. This flexibility allows the execution of relevant social behaviours in relevant social ___ towards relevant social ____.

Answer 9

flexible, internal states, environments, sociability, social memory, experiences, contexts, targets

Question 10

Oxytocin and vasopressin are ___ and found in diverse organisms of distinct taxa. ____ existed in 700 Ma

Answer 10

ancient, homologs

Question 11

Oxytocin has 1 receptor that is ____ coupled, and is ___ ___

Answer 11

G-protein, concentration dependent

Question 12

Vasopressin has 3 receptors, ___, ___ and ___.

Answer 12

V1A, V1B, V2

Question 13

AVP and OXT are ____ conserved in modulating social and reproductive behaviours, but the specific behaviours that they regulate are various and __ ____. For example, in the male prairie vole, AVP stimulates behaviours associated with _____ such as parental care, __ ___, and selective mate preference, but not in the polygamous ___ ___. In male field sparrows, the AVP homolog increases ____ and ____. Increasing ____ levels in the VP of meadow voles leads to social behaviours similar prairie voles.

Answer 13

evolutionarily, species-specific, monogamy, mate guarding, meadow vole, aggression, vocalization, V1AR

Question 14

Species-specific behavioural regulation are mediated by species specific oxytocin and vasopressin ___ ____ _____ in the brain rather than differences in the neuropeptides themselves

Answer 14

receptor expression patterns

Question 15

OXT and AVP are ___ synthesized in the ___ and ___ nuclei of the ____

Answer 15

neuropeptides, paraventricular, supraoptic, hypothalamus

Question 16

Oxytocin and vasopressin expressing cells in the PVN and SON both receive and send projections ____. Many of these ____ but the ____ of certain pathways differ (e.g. ___ vs. output only, vs. input only)

Answer 16

centrally, overlap, directionality, reciprocal

Question 17

AVP expressing neurons are found in the ____ and ____, which are regions that are __ ___ in rodents. There were major sex differences found in their ___ and ____ patterns

Answer 17

BNST, MeA, sexually dimorphic, input, output

Question 18

Given the structural similarities of OXT and AVP and their respective receptors, there’s a high degree of ___ ___. Vasopressin shows a high affinity to the ____ receptor, and in rats, bind better to it than to the ___- receptor.

Answer 18

cross talk, OXT, V1a

Question 19

There can be synaptic release, which involves no ___ ___, synaptic release that involves cross talk, where the molecules can bind to receptors on another cell that doesn’t receive an ____ ___. There can also be ______ or ____ transmission which involves cross talk

Answer 19

cross talk, action potential, non-synaptic, volume

Question 20

Oxytocin, vasopressin and their respective receptors form an ____ system and rarely function in isolation. In the context of ____ or love, oxytocin binds to ______, producing nonselective social ___ and ____. In contexts of fear or _____, AVP or OXT binds to _____ and produces non selective social ____, ____, ___ and _____. Both systems can also produce selective __ and ____, ___ behaviour, and ____ behaviour. AVP can also bind to the OXTR no matter the perceived ____ ____ because it is nonspecific

Answer 20

integrated, safety, OXTR, salience, reward, anxiety, V1AR, communication, investigation, aggression, territoriality, love bonding, parental, sexual, internal state

Question 21

All ecological social behaviours require underlying mechanisms such as ___ ___, ____, _____, ___ and ____

Answer 21

social salience, recognition, memory, reward, motivation

Question 22

Picking the appropriate animal model is important. for example, _____ ____ show a large amount of aggression, but only to non partners, while syrian hamsters are ___ and thus display aggression to everything

Answer 22

prairie voles, solitary

Question 23

detection requires the sensory processing of _____ social cues. Approach and investigation depend on ___ __, integration of social cues within the ___ ____, and recall of __ ____. Investigation also depends on __ ____, and the outcome of this investigation depends on ___ ____. Consummation depends on ___ __ and ___

Answer 23

salient, social recognition, present context, previous experiences, social communication, social motivation, social reward, memory

Question 24

In Hung et al.’s experiment, a 30 minute ______ was set up with two rooms of different bedding. Then, rodents were _____ to associate a specific type of bedding with either a ___ or ____ environment. Then in the post test, they were tested on which ____ they prefer.They also targeted OXT neurons projecting to the __ ___,

Answer 24

pre-test, conditioned, social, isolated, bedding, DA, VTA

Question 25

In Hung et. al.’s study, controls showed a high preference for ____ contexts in the post test. When they used a selective expression of a proteins that ___ the pathway, there was ___ preference. This abolishment of preference was also seen with conditional ____ of OXT receptors in DA neurons, suggesting the effects are driven by actions on ____. However, this experiment assumes that social interaction is inherently _____, and the pathway _____ social reward and processing

Answer 25

social, inhibited, no, knockout, OXTR, rewarding , facilitates

Question 26

When rodents were given the option to interact with a juvenile or a __ ___, ____ neurons were more active during interactions with the juvenile. ____ ____ also shows increases in ____ with the juvenile interaction only. It was also found that _____ projecting OXT neurons in the PVN are active during social investigating

Answer 26

toy mouse, PVN, fiber photometry, Ca2+, VTA

Question 27

Using _____, activation of the ____ –> ___ pathway while the animal was in a social context was sufficient to increase the time spent in a social context in an _____-dependent manner. ____ of the same pathway reduced time spent.

Answer 27

optogenetics, PVN OXT, da VTA, OXTR, inhibition

Question 28

It was found that activation of the PVN OXT –> daVTA pathway during previous ___ ____ increased the present social interactions in the absence of ____. However, the activation must be restricted to ___ ___. _____ or ____ photostimulation had no effect on future social interactions. This effect was also seen for the __ of this pathway

Answer 28

social contexts, photo-stimulation social contexts, continuous, non-selective, inhibition

Question 29

in vitro, application of ____ oxytocin on VTA cells that project to the ___ makes them increase in firing. If a ______ is applied, this increasing in firing is not seen. Thus, ____ releases OXT onto the daVTA, which release ____ onto the ___, which in turn facilitates ___ ___

Answer 29

synthetic, NAcc, OXTRa, PVN, DA, NAcc, social reward

Question 30

voluntary actions intended to benefit others, motivated by affiliation and empathy

Answer 30

prosocial (affiliative) behaviours

Question 31

the ___ ___, ___, ___ and __ ___ underlie prosocial behaviours

Answer 31

ventral pallidum, hypothalamus, midbrain, motor effector sites

Question 32

rats will exhibit empathy like behaviours to both ___ and ___ conspecifics. They will also free trapped __ ___ even when no contact was possible between the two animals after door opening (door opening was not driven by ____ ____). _____ also opened the door faster than males. The value of freeing the trapped cage mate was also comparable to the value of accessing ___ ____, which the rats also ___ with the trapped cage mate.

Answer 32

familiar, stranger, cage mates, social reward, females, chocolate chips, shared

Question 33

rats have a preferential bias for prosocial behaviours for ____ members. However, this shaped by ___ __ rather than genetic similarity. Rats will help rats of different ____ as long as they were ____ with one member of that strain for an extended amount of time. Rats will also not help their own strain if they were ___ by other strains of rats.

Answer 33

in-group, social experience, strains, housed, raised

Question 34

Rats can also recognize and discriminate between _____ ____ in unfamiliar conspecifics. An observer animal will sniff ___ animals more than a neutral animal, and a ____ animal more than a neutral animal. This effect was abolished with selective ____ ____ of the PVN OXT –> ___ neurons, but not with the same neurons that project to the ___, ___ ___ or ______ of the hippocampus.

Answer 34

emotional states, fearful, relieved, chemogenetic inhibition, CeA, NAcc, Medial PFC, CA2

Question 35

alternations in the ____ gene expression is a risk factor for ___ and lowers ____ levels in the CeA. Transgenic animals for this gene still show preference for a ____ mouse over an object, but do not show preferential ___ for fearful or relieved animals over neutral animals. This suggests that the effect produced by this pathway is driven by discrimination of emotional states rather than ____ ___

Answer 35

dysbindin-1, SZ, OXT, novel, sniffing, general sociability

Question 36

Prairie voles exhibit emotional ___ and perform ____ behaviours toward familiar conspecifics. For example, observers ___ __ more upon reunion with a cage mate demonstrator, and they also ____ with the demonstrator, even if they themselves did not undergo ____ conditioning. There is also an increased ____ _____ concentration in the observer vole if the demonstrator was stressed and placed across a clear _____ barrier where the animals could not provide consolatory care.

Answer 36

contagion, consolatory, self groom, freeze, fear, plasma corticosterone, perforated

Question 37

Consolatory behaviours were specific to ___ conspecifics, as there was an increase in ___ when reunited with mates and ___, but not with strangers. We know allogrooming is not a _____ behaviour because only the ____ exhibits increased allogrooming, not the ____.

Answer 37

familiar, allogrooming, siblings, self-consolatory, observers, demonstrators

Question 38

allogrooming provides ___ ___, creation and maintenance of ___ ___, enforcement of ___ and social structure, and interchange of ____

Answer 38

health benefits, social bonds, hierarchy, favours

Question 39

Consolatory behaviours in prairie voles are dampened when ___ ___ is administered i.c.v. into the _____

Answer 39

oxytocin antagonist, ACC

Question 40

In humans, regions of the _____ ___ and ___ ___ ___ have been linked to empathy. Moreover, the ___, ___ and ____ were activated when participants viewed a person being excluded from a ball game. Activity in the __ ___ ___ and dorsal ACC positively correlated with reported ___ ____

Answer 40

medial PFC, Anterior cingulate cortex, DMPFC, MPFC, VMPFC, bilateral anterior insula, trait empathy