Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > L54 Mental Illness > Flashcards

L54 Mental Illness Flashcards

1
Q

what is the impairment of the cerebral function associated with thought, volition?

A

psychoses

schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the impairment of the cerebral function associated with mood, affect?

A

Affective disorders (depression, mania, anxiety disorders)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the impairment of the cerebral function associated with language?

A

aphasia (dyslexia, alexia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the impairment of the cerebral function associated with memory, learning?

A

mental retardation, dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the impairment of the cerebral function associated with social behavior?

A

personality disorders (will not cover – too complex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____ is one the 10 most frequent causes of disability worldwide!

A

schizophrenia (“the cancer of personality”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the incidence rate for schizophrenia worldwide?

A

1% - very frequent disease

1/3 - get psychotic episode once and never again
1/3 - get psychotic episodes repeatedly, the are fine in between episodes
1/3 - develop chronic psychosis - their personality deteriorates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what percent of people with schizophrenia commit suicide?

A

10% - anxious, hearing voices etc. cause it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

30% of ALL hospitalizations are because of what?

A

schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what percent of homeless people in USA have schizophrenia?

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who developed the idea of neurosis?

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who developed the idea of psychosis?

A

Bleuler and Kraepelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does schizophrenia breakdown to?

A

split mind - Greek origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

concordance of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins is____ higher than concordance of schizophrenia in dizygotic twins

A

3x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how much more prevalent is schizophrenia when compared to Alzheimer’s, MS, diabetes, and muscular dystrophy?

A

AD - 2x
MS - 5x
DM - 6x
MD - 60x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is there a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia?

A

yes - the closer you are to a relative with schizophrenia, your risk of developing schizophrenia increases!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are positive symptoms?

A

additional pathological symptoms (more than normal)

  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized thoughts etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are negative symptoms?

A

loss of normal function

  • social isolation
  • lack of motivation
  • poor attention
  • flat affect etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the stages of schizophrenia?

A
  1. prodromal signs of a psychotic episode
  2. psychotic episode
  3. non-psycotic period
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe the prodromal signs of a psychotic episode

A
  • social isolation and withdrawal
  • impairment in the normal fulfillment of expected roles
  • odd behavior and ideas
  • neglect of personal hygiene
  • flat affect

*you would just think that the person is different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the psychotic episode

A

-mental state in which the pt thoughts do not represent reality correctly

Positive symptoms (1 or more must be present)

  • delusions - feeling of being controlled by outside force
  • hallucinations - usually auditory
  • disordered thoughts, incoherence - loss of normal association between ideas, poverty of speech accompanies by loss of emotional expression
  • unusual postures, mannerisms, rigidity
  • there are a WIDE range of sx/sx… this isn’t all of them
  • auditory hallucinations are used to distinguish between schizophrenia vs. organic psychosis (delirium etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the non-psychotic period

A

Negative symptoms

  • eccentric behavior
  • social isolation
  • flat affect
  • reduced social drive
  • poverty of speech
  • poor attention span
  • lack of motivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what diseases MUST be excluded from differential dx in order to diagnose schizophrenia?

A
  • encephalitis/Meningitis
  • intoxicatoin (amphetamines, PCP, diphenhydramine = Benedryl)
  • brain tumor
  • manic - depressive illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the prognosis of people who have schizophrenia?

A

generally poor

its with negative symptoms have the poorer prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what makes up the pathogenesis of schizophrenia?

A 
genetic aspect - polygenetic
psychodynamic aspect (things can make people psychotic)
26
Q

what are the anatomical abnormalities seen in patients with schizophrenia?

A
  • reduced blood flow in Left globus pallidus (problem in the system connecting BG to frontal lobes)
  • no blood flow increase in frontal lobe during test of working memory
  • cortex of medial temporal love is thin + anterior hippocampus is smaller (memory defect)
  • lateral and third ventricle are enlarged, wide sulci, reduced volume of temporal and frontal lobe
27
Q

what system is impaired in schizophrenia?

A

cognitive - hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, globus pallidus

28
Q

where are loss of functions such as planning and working memory (negative symptoms) structurally involved?

A

prefrontal association areas

29
Q

what receptors do typical antipsychotic medications (like Haldol) block?

A

D2 receptors

*side effects: block D1 and D2 receptors in BG

30
Q

schizophrenics have an increase in ___ int he frontal lobe and we don’t know why

A

DA

31
Q

what is the link between Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia?

A

if you give a pt with parkinson’s disease L-DOPA too much = psychosis

schizos can get drug-induced parkinson’s disease

DA is the link!

32
Q

what are the short term effects of antipsychotic meds?

A

hand- tremor

rigidity of muscles

33
Q

what are the long term effects of antipsychotic meds?

A

tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements …of the mouth and tongue especially)

34
Q

All anti-psychotic meds have significant ____ with a high interpersonal variation, and they are unfortunately only treating the symptoms of schizophrenia and not the cause of the disease

A

side effects

35
Q

what drugs can avoid motor side effects?

A

D3/D4 receptor antagonist

36
Q

describe the atypical antipsychotic drugs

A

high affinity to D3 and D4 receptors

almost NO side effects in the extrapyramidal system

but they gain lots of weight, so no one wants to take it.

37
Q

what are the general symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Impairment of cognition, emotion, thought, affect, perception, language and sense of self
  • Symptoms are acoustic, sometimes visual, olfactory, tactile or gustatory hallucination
38
Q

what are the 3 types of symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • positive
  • negative
  • disorganized
39
Q

describe each type of symptom of schizophrenia

A

DISORGANIZED SPEECH
-Frequent derailment or incoherence; word salad

GROSSLY DISORGANIZED or CAATONIC BEHAVIOR
-Characterized by stupor/inactivity, mania and either rigidity or extreme flexibility

COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS
- Disorganized/slow thinking, poor understanding, concentrating, expressing thoughts and memory

SOCIAL/OCCUPATIONAL DYSFUNCTION
-Work, interpersonal relations and self care

40
Q

what percent of the US population suffers from a depressive illness?

A

10%

41
Q

how many people at a given time in the US are depressed?

A

8 million people

42
Q

what percent of people have more than one episode of depression during their life?

A

70%

43
Q

what is the average age of onset for depression?

A

28 years old

*Women are 2x more affected than men

44
Q

Define an episode of depression

A
  • Unpleasant mood (dysphoria)
  • Mental anguish - can’t stop thinking about a sad theme
  • Inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia)
  • Loss of interest in the world
  • Disturbed sleep (insomnia / sometimes hypersomnia) - typically, early morning awakenings
  • Diminished appetite and loss of weight (sometimes overeating)
  • Loss of energy
  • Decreasedsexdrive
  • Restlessness (psychomotor agitation)
  • Slowing down of thoughts and actions (psychomotor retardation)
  • Difficultyinconcentration
  • Inability to decide
  • Feeling of worthlessness, guilt
  • Pessimisticthoughts
  • Thoughts about dying and suicide
  • Constipation, decreased salivation, variation of the symptoms during the day, usually worse in the morning
45
Q

40-60 % of depression is classified as what?

A

melancholic depression

46
Q

describe melancholic depression

A
  • Depression (worse in the morning)
  • Insomnia (early morning wakening)
  • Anorexia with significant weight loss
  • Psychomotor agitation and mental pain
  • Lack of interest in almost all activity and lack of response to pleasurable stimuli
  • When severe, complete loss of capacity for joy (anhedonia)
  • Patients have abnormalities in sleep pattern
  • Sometimes psychomotor retardation, emotional and intellectual under-activity
  • Sometimes state of agitation and persistent preoccupation with perceived deficiencies and inadequacies of one’s character
47
Q

What are the tx options for affective disorders?

A
  • MAOI’s
  • tricyclic antidepressants
  • SSRI’s
  • ECT
48
Q

how long does it usually take for antidepressants therapeutic effect to occur?

A

3-4 weeks and sometimes up to 8 weeks

49
Q

what tx option i used when antidepressants are not effective?

A

ECT - causes epileptic seizure

50
Q

what are the prophylactic tx options for affective disorders?

A
  • lithium
  • carbamacepine
  • lamotrigine
  • valproate
  • other anti epileptics?

*mood stabilizers!

51
Q

what is dysthymia?

A

less ever compared to major depression
it includes not disabling long term chronic symptoms
pt is not functioning well and is not feeling good

52
Q

what is the pathogenesis for depression?

A

polygenetic - there is a genetic factor

morbidity rate of depression is higher in 1st degree relatives of patients with depressive illness than in general population

53
Q

what is the most efficient tx for depression?

A

a combination of mediation and psychotherapy

54
Q

how many people in the US have bipolar disorder?

A

2 million

men and women equally affected

55
Q

what has an earlier onset - unipolar (depression) or bipolar disorder?

A

bipolar

56
Q

the depressive episodes in unipolar depression are______ similar to the ones seen in bipolar

A

similar

57
Q

describe manic episodes

A 
• elevated expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least
one week
• over–activity
• over – talkativeness (pressure of speech)
• increased energy and libido
• socialintrusiveness
• grandiosity
• distractibility
• flightofideas
• decreasedneedforsleep
• recklessspending
• sometimes with delusions and hallucinations
58
Q

what is the pathogenesis for bipolar disorder?

A

polygenetic - there is a genetic factor

morbidity rate of depression is higher in 1st degree relatives of patients with depressive illness than in general population

59
Q

what is a tx option for bipolar disorder?

A

antipsychotics

60
Q

what are the anatomical abnormalities seen in patients with affect disorder using fMRI and PET technology?

A
  • area in prefrontal cortex, below the genu in the corpus callosum
61
Q

in the subgenal region (below the genu in the corpus callosum around the prefrontal cortex), reduced activity occurs during _____ and increased activity occurs during _____

A

depressive phase

manic phase

62
Q

the subgenal region of the prefrontal cortex is important for ____

A

mood states

has connections with other regions of the brain involved in emotional behavior:

  • amygdala
  • lateral hypothalamus
  • nucleus accumbens, noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic system

Neuroscience (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions