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Neuroscience > L13 Neurons and Glia > Flashcards

L13 Neurons and Glia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the MAIN difference between neurons and glia?

A

the mean they transfer information

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2
Q

how are neurons and glia similar?

A
  • resting membrane potential fluctuations
  • gap junctions
  • receptors
  • voltage gated ion channels
  • transporters
  • pumps
  • calcium signaling
  • transmitters
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3
Q

what are the differences between neurons and glia?

A

neurons - generate action potentials and excitatory/inhibitory posysynaptic graded postentials

Glia - intra- and inter-cellular calcium signaling

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4
Q

what are the structural classifications of neurons?

A

neuron structure and function are related
there are different types of neuronal structure - i.e. striatal spiny neurons
*they don’t all look exactly alike, but most of them share common characteristics - soma, dendrite, axon etc.

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5
Q

what is neuron morphology related to?

A

signal receptor and transmission!

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6
Q

what is an example of multipolar neuron?

A

many dendrites, 1 axon

CNS - brain and spinal cord = motor n. in spinal cord anterior horn

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7
Q

what are examples of bipolar neuron?

A

sensory neurons

retinal bipolar cells

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8
Q

what are examples of pseudo-unipolar neurons?

A

sensory neurons in DRG

baroreceptor-sensitive cells in nodose ganglion?

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9
Q

what is a Nissl body?

A

histological sign of rough ER, site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

what makes up neurites?

A

the axon and the dendrite

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11
Q

what connects the soma to the axon?

A

axon hillock/initial segment

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12
Q

what is a synaptic bouton?

A

contains NTs waiting to undergo exocytosis

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13
Q

what do neurons form?

A

networks

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14
Q

what is an efferent neuron?

A

info from CNS to PNS = motor neuron

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15
Q

what is an afferent neuron?

A

info from PNS to CNS = sensory neuron

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16
Q

what are interneurons?

A

info with the CNS or within the PNS

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17
Q

the size the neuron diameter is directly related to what?

A

the speed of conduction

*note - myelin is considered in diameter size
myelin speed up rate of conduction!

the larger the diameter, the faster the conduction

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18
Q

what is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A

traffics material between soma and neurites

and support/maintain neuronal shape

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19
Q

what makes up the cytoskeleton?

A
  • microtubules
  • neurofilaments (intermediate filaments)
  • microfilaments
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20
Q

what are the 3 filaments of the cytoskeleton joined to?

A
  • eachother
  • ER
  • vesicles

BY PROTEIN bridges

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21
Q

how does the cytoskeleton traffic materials?

A

anterograde axonal transport - soma to nerve ending

retrograde transport - nerve ending to soma

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22
Q

what drives anterograde transport?

A

kinesin

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23
Q

what drives retrograde transport?

A

dynein

24
Q

what material are transported in fast and slow anterograde transport?

A

fast- vesicles, mitochondria

slow - cytoskeleton molecules, soluble proteins and enzymes

25
Q

what materials are transported in retrograde transport?

A

lysosomes
enzymes
recycled vesicular membrane

26
Q

what viruses use retrograde transport along microtubules to inject neurons?

A
  • herpes virus
  • polio virus
  • rabies virus
  • parvovirus
27
Q

what are types of glia in CNS?

A 
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
tanycytes
choroidal epithelial cells
perivascular astrocytes
perivascular microglia
28
Q

what are types of glia in PNS?

A

Schwann cells
peripheral astrocytes/enteric glia
satellite glial cells

29
Q

what is the function of CNS Astrocytes?

A
  • maintain cerebral blood flow and ionic osmotic balances
  • store glycogen and supply neurons with lactate for energy
  • reg. K+ in microenvironment of neurons
  • release and take up NT
  • send info as intra- and intercellular calcium waves
  • release GF
  • major site of cholesterol synthesis in brain!
30
Q

what supports the formation of neuronal synapses (synaptic plasticity)?

A

cholesterol - secreted as APO-E containing HDL like particles

31
Q

how does CNS astroglial cells regulate K+ concentration?

A

rise in K+ prevented by removal of K+ via pump and transporter protein

32
Q

what are the macrophages of the CNS?

A

microglia

33
Q

what have lately played a role in reg. inflammatory system for astrocytes?

A

microglia

34
Q

what are microglia?

A

immunocompetent and phagocytic cells in the CNS ,which in the event of injury, inflammation and disease, become activated, reactive

35
Q

what myelinates CNS axons?

A

oligodendrocytes

can wrap MANY axons per cell

36
Q

what generates oligodendrocytes?

A

progenitor cells

37
Q

why does saltatory conduction occur?

A

because of the nodes of Ranvier

38
Q

where do ependymal cells form?

A

the walls of brain ventricles

39
Q

what is the function of choroid plexus epithelial cells?

A

secrete CSF

transfer molecules from blood into CSF

40
Q

what are perivascular astrocytes?

A

associated with the neurovascular unit

responsible for maintaining cerebral blood flow and ionic and osmotic balances in brain

41
Q

what are tanycytes?

A 
4 seperate populations of bipolar cells
possibly link CSF to neuroendocrine events 
also indicated as a class of neural stem/progenitor cells
42
Q

what are characteristics of Schwann cells?

A
  • provide myelination
  • phagocytic activity
  • support PNS nerve regen.

Can wrap 1 axon with cell

43
Q

what are enteric glia?

A
  • in intrinsic ganglia of the digestive system
  • associated with neurons in the enteric NS
  • morpholigic and molecular similarities to CNS astrocytes
44
Q

what are satellite glial cells?

A

-surround neurons in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia

45
Q

can axons in the PNS regenerate?

A

yes - schwann cells can re-myelinate the axon

46
Q

can axons in the CNS regenerate?

A

impossible..?

47
Q

what is Wallerian degeneration?

A

following injury distal to site of axonal damage

48
Q

what is chromatolysis?

A

axon is sectioned close to the cell body causing swelling and movement of cell organelles away from cell body

49
Q

what is anterograde degeneration

A

causes degeneration of the neuron postsynaptic to the damaged neuron

50
Q

what is retrograde degeneration

A

happens in neurons, sends inputs to the damaged neuron

51
Q

what happens in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A

loss on neurons

52
Q

what is glosis?

A

glial scar formation

53
Q

what are demyelination diseases?

A

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)
MS
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Charcot Marie Tooth disorder

54
Q

what are tumors of glial origin?

A

schwannoma

glioblastoma

55
Q

where are reactive astrocytes and activated microglia found?

A

found around degenerating neurons in various inflammatory or degenerative disorder in the CNS

may play neurotixic or neuroprotective roles

56
Q

neuron are what type of cell?

A

excitable

Neuroscience (54 decks)

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