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Neuroscience > L2 Organization of the Nervous System I > Flashcards

L2 Organization of the Nervous System I Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

neuronal processes + Glia outside the CNS

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2
Q

what makes up the somatic nervous system?

A

afferent and efferent structures of the PNS that communicate between skin, skeletal muscles, or joints and the CNS

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3
Q

what makes up the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic, sympathetic, enteric

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4
Q

what makes up the boundary between the PNS and the CNS?

A
  • shift from oligodendrocytes - CNS to schwann cells - PNS = Redlich Obersteiner’s zone
  • the axons here cannot regenerate - they can in limbs sometimes etc.
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5
Q

what are the 5 parts of the brain?

A
  1. telencephalon - cerebrum (and cortex)
  2. diencephalon (between 2 hems = 3rd ventricle with CSF
  3. mesencephalon - midbrain
  4. metencephalon - pons + cerebellum
  5. myelencephalon - medulla oblongata
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6
Q

what are the lobes of the brain?

A
  • frontal
  • temporal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • limbic - only seen from medial surface, joins the other lobes together
  • insular - hidden from view
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7
Q

where is the grey and white matter in the brain?

A

grey is outside/surface
white is inside
*opposite of spinal cord

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8
Q

when a person shows back extended and arms outstretched/extended, what should I suspect?

A

midbrain injury

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9
Q

what makes up the myelon and what is its function?

A

spinal cord

-contains cells and axonal pathways related to somatosensory, motor and autonomic function

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10
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. external granular layer
  3. external pyrimidal layer (small pyrimidal cells)
  4. internal granular layer
  5. ganglionic layer (large pryamidal cells)
  6. multiform layer (polymorphus layer)
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11
Q

what do pyrimidal cells do?

A
  • yield output pathway from cortex
  • layers 2,3,5,6
  • largest pyrimidal cells (Betz cells) found in layer 5 of primary motor cortex making synaptic connections with lumbar spinal motor neurons
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12
Q

what are all other neurons with cortical cell bodies?

A

local interneurons

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13
Q

All local interneuron have an _____ action?

A

inhibitory - except spiny stellate cells in layer 4

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14
Q

What are thalamic neurons?

A

most end in layer 4

axons of some thalamic neurons and other neurons regulating cortical excitability end in all layers.

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15
Q

what makes up the telencephalon (endbrain derived from rostral prosencephalon)?

A 
-cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
lateral ventricle + foramina of Monro
closely tied to CN I olfactory n.
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16
Q

what makes up the diencephalon (inter brain - derived from the caudal prosencephalon)?

A 
thalamus
hypothalamus + pituitary
subthalamus
epithalamus
third ventricle
CN II Optic n.
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17
Q

what makes up the mesencephalon (midbrain)?

A

tegmentum - floor
tectum - roof
cerebral aqueduct
CN III and IV - oculomotor and trochlear n.

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18
Q

what makes up the met encephalon (derived from rhombencephalon)?

A

pons
cerebellum
rostral fourth ventricle
CN V-VIII - trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

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19
Q

what makes up the myelencephalon (derived from rhombencephalon)?

A

medulla oblongata
causal fourth ventricle - foramen of Magendi and Luschka - central canal of medulla is continous with spinal cord
CN IX-XII glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal.

20
Q

what is the function of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, white matter, BG, amygdala, hippocampal formation)?

A

motor activity - also perceptual, cognitive, visceral and emotional functions

commonly divided into lobes

21
Q

what does the frontal lobe do?

A

motor planning and execution, language production, judgement, and working (ST) memory

22
Q

what does the parietal lobe do?

A

somatosensory processing

23
Q

what does the occipital lobe do?

A

visual processing

24
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

auditory processing

25
Q

what does the limbic lobe do?

A

functionally tied to emotion and memory.

26
Q

what is the function of the insular lobe?

A

varied function - autonomic and interoceptive

27
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

modulates and relays sensory info and motor info from BG and cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

28
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

homeostasis and reproduction

29
Q

what does the subthalamus do?

A

motor and sensory function

30
Q

what does the epithalamus do?

A

endocrine function

31
Q

what does the midbrain do?

A

contains neurons forming part of the motor system
regulates eye movements
promotes alertness/arousal

32
Q

what does the pons do?

A

ventral - relay motor info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
dorsal - respiration, taste, circuits controlling sleep/wake cycles
regulates motor function

33
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

receives somatosensory info from spinal cord, motor info from cerebral cortex and vestibulo info from organs of inner ear
maintains posture and balance
smoothes and coordinates movement by regulating motor centers

34
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

some nuclei control respiration, BP and motor activity of mouth
other nuclei receive sensory info from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

35
Q

whats in the molecular layer?

A
  • few neuronal sonata
  • apical dendrites located in deeper cortical layers
  • axons passing through or making cnx
  • axons arising from this layer travel parallel to pia
36
Q

whats in the external granular layer

A
  • small granule cells (local interneurons that inhibit other cortical cells) and some slightly larger pyrimidal cells
  • communcations with opsilateral cortical areas (via association fibers)
37
Q

whats in hte external pyramidal layer?

A
  • small to med pyramidal neurons projecting from cortex

- communications with homotopic contralateral cortices (via commisural fibers)

38
Q

whats in the internal granular layer?

A
  • no pyramidal neurons
  • interneurons receive ascending sensory input and projecting to layers II and III
  • contains dense band of tangenital axons that form the outer band of Baillarger - hypertrophic and visible to naked eye in a discrete occipital region
39
Q

whats in the internal pyramidal layer

A

med to lrg pyramidal neurons

  • major source of cortical output to brainstem and SC
  • contains dense band of tangenital axons
40
Q

whats in the multiform layer?

A
  • assortment of cell types, few pyramidal cells
  • small cells receive input from thalamus and from layers II, III, and V
  • axons of the cells project to superficial cortical layers and to the thalamus
41
Q

what does the Golgi stain reveal?

A

morpholog of some neurons

42
Q

what does the Niddl stain reveal?

A

rough ER of the nerve cell bodies

43
Q

what does the Weigert stain reveal?

A

myelin of axons

44
Q

what layer are pyramidal cells found and where are the largest ones found?

A

II, III, V and IV

largest found in V of primary motor cortex and can make synaptic cnx with caudal spinal motor neurons

45
Q

where do most thalamo-cortical neurons end?

A

layer IV

Neuroscience (54 decks)

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