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Neuroscience > L50 Hypothalamus + use L for labeled pics! > Flashcards

L50 Hypothalamus + use L for labeled pics! Flashcards

1
Q

define anhydrosis.

A

absence or deficiency of sweating

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2
Q

what are the 5 basic processes that the hypothalamus controls?

A
  1. blood pressure and electrolyte composition
  2. temperature
  3. energy metabolism
  4. reproduction
  5. emergency responses
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3
Q

what are the 3 ways that the hypothalamus carries out its 5 control processes?

A
  1. autonomic function
  2. endocrine function
  3. motivation and behavior
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4
Q

give an example how BP modulation via the 3 pathways used by the hypothalamus.

A
  • hypothalamus can influence ANS (SNS + PNS) to change BP via heart rate and contractility
  • endocrine output of the hypothalamus can modulate ADH release from post. pituitary to hang BP via kidney reabsorption
  • hypothalamus can influence motivational system to either sit and rest or engage in exercise
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5
Q

the hypothalamus maintains _______ within a narrow physiological window via its regulatory mechanisms even though our external environments have a wide range of variability.

A

homeostasis

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6
Q

describe the endocrine function/chemical signaling of pheromones.

A

released by a species and travel through air to reach their target cell on another individual of that species

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7
Q

describe the endocrine function/chemical signaling of autocrine and paracrine.

A

provide feedback to the releasing cell itself

or provides feedback to its neighbors

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8
Q

describe the endocrine function/chemical signaling of endocrine.

A

release hormone into the blood to reach their target

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9
Q

describe the endocrine function/chemical signaling of neurons.

A

transmitter released onto target to elicit action

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10
Q

describe the endocrine function/chemical signaling of neuroendocrine.

A

a hybrid which released their neurohormone into the blood and they travel through the blood to target cell

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11
Q

where are neuroendocrine chemical signaling pathways found and what are they connected to?

A

found in the hypothalamus

connected from the hypothalamus to the ant/post pituitary

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12
Q

what are the relevant structures of the hypothalamus?

A

periventricular zone
medial zone
lateral zone

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13
Q

where is the periventricular zone?

A

adjacent to the 3rd ventricle

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14
Q

what does the medial zone contain?

A

most of the distinct nuclei of the hypothalamus

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15
Q

what does the lateral zone contain?

A

less defined nuclei but is rich in fiber tracts which connects the hypothalamus to other areas of the brain

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16
Q

what are the boundaries of the hypothalamus?

A
  • anterior commissure (next to inter ventricular foramen)
  • lamina terminalis (closure of rostral neuropore)
  • optic chiasm
  • mamillary bodies
  • hypothalamus sulcus (continuation of sulcus limitans)
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17
Q

what are the nuclei of the anterior pituitary hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal pathway?

A

parvoventricular and arcuate nuclei

18
Q

what neurohormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A 
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH
GH 
prolactin
beta endorphin

mneumonic - FLAT PEG

19
Q

what happens with a release of CRH?

A

causes a release of ACTH which acts on the adrenal cortex to release cortisol into the blood which acts on various target cells

20
Q

what happens with a release of TRH?

A

causes a release of TSH which cause the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4

21
Q

what happens with a release of GnRH?

A

causes release of LH and FSH which causes gametogeneic and sex steriof proaction in gonads

22
Q

what happens with a release of GHRH and inhibiting somatostatin?

A

causes a release of GH and causes linear growth

23
Q

what happens with a release of prolactin inhibiting hormone (DA)?

A

causes a release of prolactin which stimulates lactogenesis

24
Q

what are the nuclei in the posterior pituitary / hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal pathway?

A

paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus

25
Q

what neurohormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

*note there are no regulatory hormones from the PP because it controlled under direct neuralgic connections

26
Q

what does release of ADH (vasopressin) cause?

A

vasoconstriction, water reabsorption in kidney

27
Q

what does release of oxytocin cause?

A

uterine contraction, milk ejection

28
Q

what does the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus do to feeding?

A

decreases feeding behavior

29
Q

what does the lateral hypothalamus do to feeding?

A

increases feeding behavior

mneumonic - “Late night Snack”
lateral = snacking

30
Q

what is the short term feedback mechanism for feeding in the hypothalamus?

A

blood glucose levels

31
Q

what is the long term feedback mechanism for feeding in the hypothalamus?

A

leptin - released from adipose will reach arcuate n. which sends inhibitory interneurons to the lateral hypothalamus to suppress eating!

32
Q

what are the 2 ways information is received by the brain to regulate water balance?

A

angiotensin - passes the BBB of the subfornical organ

vagus n. - sends BP info via mechani-sensitive endings in the heart

33
Q

how does the hypothalamus influence water conservation?

A

elicits the posterior pituitary to release ADH as a neuroendocrine signal on the kidney
it also send neuronal output to our motivation system controlling drinking behavior

34
Q

what does the anterior hypothalamus do in terms of regulating body temperature?

A

decreases body temperature

*also has temp sensitive cells to detect body temp changes which is integrated with somatosensory temp information

35
Q

what does the posterior hypothalamus do in terms of regulating body temperature?

A

increases body temperature

36
Q

how are changes in body temperature modulated by the hypothalamus?

A

temperature changes are induced via ANS which constrict/dilate vessels
also uses signals to motivational centers to seek warmer/cooler environments

37
Q

describe ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome (Frohlich syndrome).

A

disorder of caloric balance causing obesity attributed to damage of the ventromedial nucleus

38
Q

describe diabetes insipidus.

A

absence of ADH causes excessive thirst and urination

this may be due to a lesion of the supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei somewhere int he post. pituitary tract

39
Q

describe hypothermia.

A

due to lesions of the posterior hypothalamus leaving the anterior hypothalamus unopposed
this causes a decrease in metabolic rate and vasodilation resulting in decreased body temp

40
Q

describe hyperthermia.

A

due to lesion of the anterior hypothalamus leaving the posterior hypothalamus unopposed
this causes increase metabolic rate, shivering and vasoconstriction results in increase body temp

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