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Neuroscience > L15 Stimulated Excitable Cells > Flashcards

L15 Stimulated Excitable Cells Flashcards

1
Q

excitable cells respond to ____ stimuli

A

specific

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2
Q

which neurons have integral membrane proteins?

A

efferent neurons

interneurons

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3
Q

what is the function of the integral binding proteins?

A

chemoreceptors with binding sites for NTs - ACh, glutamine, GABA etc.

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4
Q

what do afferent neurons have?

A

membrane receptor responding to specific type of stimulus

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5
Q

what are sensory stimuli converted into?

A

local graded changes of membrane potential

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6
Q

local grade potential spread ___ with ____

A

passively

decrement

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7
Q

a stimulus to the sensory end of the afferent neuron produces a _______

A

local depolarization

*adjacent areas are also depolarized but spread is less effective

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8
Q

where is a change in conductance seen?

A

only in the stimulated region!

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9
Q

what has a length constant?

A

every cable-like structure

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10
Q

when a charge is spreading, it is continually ____ in quantity

A

diminishing

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11
Q

define length constant

A

indicates how far a current will spread along the inside of a neurite and thereby influence the voltage along that distance

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12
Q

the length constant (lambda) increases with increasing values of ?

A

radius of cylinder

resistance across cell surface - is membrane leaky or not…

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13
Q

what monitors the length of muscles fibers?

A

afferent neurons

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14
Q

what are muscle spindles made of?

A

intrafusal fibers

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15
Q

what is stimulated by stretching of muscle?

A

intrafusal fibers in muscle spindles

golgi tendon organ

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16
Q

what does the golgi tension organ monitor when it receives a stimulus? ?

A

tension

17
Q

what does muscle spinal measure when it receives a stimulus?

A

length

18
Q

most muscle afferent neurons are what?

A

mechanoreceptors

19
Q

what do muscle spindle afferents have?

A

stretch gated ion channels

20
Q

what mainly pass through the stretch gated ion channels in the non-contractile central region of the intrafusal fiber?

A

cations - mainly Na

pass through channels = depolarization

21
Q

what does stretch produce in the afferent neuron?

A

graded receptor potential

22
Q

what happens in the dark to cGMP and Na+ Channels

A

we have plenty of cGMP

open Na+ channels

23
Q

what happens in the light to cGMP and Na+ channels?

A

less cGMP because its broken down
closed Na+ channels =
HYPERPOLARIZATION
= reduce the amount of GLUTAMATE into retinal bipolar cells

*the more light, the more hyper polarization!

24
Q

what is the rods receptor potential?

A

graded hyperpolarization

25
Q

what happens when odorant molecules bind to receptors?

A

increase cAMP

*bind odorant molecules –> activate G protein —> ride in Adenylate cyclase —> increase cAMP

26
Q

what happens with an increase in cAMP?

A

cation channels open -

entry of Na+ and Ca2+ into cell = depolarization

27
Q

what does the rise in Ca2+ in the olfactory neuron cause?

A

causes Cl- channels to open - cl- leave the cell = more depolarization!

28
Q

change in membrane potential is linearly related to the ?

A

magnitude of the current pulse

29
Q

what is the purpose of a graded potential?

A

to drive the axon hillock or initiation zone to threshold membrane potential - to gen. AP!

30
Q

where is the impulse initiation zone in multipolar neurons?

A

axon hillock

31
Q

where is the impulse initiation zone in pseudounipolar and bipolar neurons?

A

near the sensory endings of afferent neurons

32
Q

where is the impulse initiation zone in skeletal muscle fibers?

A

close to the central region that receives ACh released by the motor neuron

33
Q

impulse initiation zones have a high density of what?

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels

34
Q

what is idiopathic focal dystonia?

A

abnormalities of posture, involuntary movements and muscular spasm likely to be caused by a physical property of specialized stretch receptors present in skeletal muscle spindles. these are responsible for signaling about body position and muscular effort

35
Q

what is anosmia?

A

head injury that severs/compresses the axons of the olfactory neurons
in the elderly due to degen. loss of fraction of the population of olfactory neurons
occasionally congenital and sometimes hereditary

36
Q

what is night blindness?

A

rods are responsible for our vision in low light levels
cones are excellent for day vision and color detection
vitamin A deficiency = lack of rhodopsin

37
Q

where are graded potentials found (hyperpolarization and depolarization?)

A
  • afferent fibers in muscle spindles
  • rods of retina
  • olfactory neurons in nasal cavity

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