L5 Adaptive Immume Reksponse Flashcards
Helper T lymphocytes (CD4)
secrete cytokines that stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8)
kill any type of host cells (including nonphagocytic cells) that harbor infectious microbes, such as viruses in the cytoplasm
The class I MHC pathway converts proteins in the_____ into peptides that bind to MHC-I molecules for recognition by _____cells
cytosol
CD8 + cytotoxic T
The class II MHC pathway converts protein antigens that are_____ into vesicles of antigen-presenting cells into peptides that bind to MHC-II molecules for recognition by ____ cells
endocytosed
CD4 + helper T
T-cells will travel from where to develop the thymus
Bone marrow
Mature T-cells will leave the thymus to travel to the secondary ____
lymphoid tissues
Cell lineage of a T-cell
▪ T-cell precursors travel from the bone marrow to
develop in the thymus
▪ Mature T cells leave the thymus and travel to
secondary lymphoid tissues
T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes like B cells as the maturation and differentiation of T cells occurs where.
in the thymus
T cells are different from other lymphocytes as these have what on their surface
a T-cell receptor on the surface, which is absent in other lymphocytes.
Positive selection [T-cell]
In the positive selection, the CD4+ cells interact well with class MHC molecules, whereas the CD8+ cells interact well with class II MHC molecules.
What happens to T-cells that don’t. recognise MHC molecules
They don’t receive
survival signals and die by programmed cell death
Negative selection [T-cell]
- process where all T cells are screened to check for strong recognition of self-antigens.
- eliminates developing lymphocytes whose antigen receptors bind strongly to self antigens present in the lymphoid organs.
What happens to T-cells that react strongly to Self-antigens?
The cells that interact too strongly with the self-antigens receive an apoptotic signal resulting in cell death.
Avoiding that self-reactive T cells escape
to the periphery
True or False: every T-cell has a different T-cell receptor
True
What is self-tolerance
When the immune system can identify and won’t react to self-antigens.
Central tolerance Vs Peripheral tolerance
C:
* During lymphocyte development development (in thymus or bone marrow for T/B cells)
* Immune cells that bind to self antigen eliminated
* modifies number of naive lymphocytes circulating the periphery
P:
* After lymphocytes mature and go to lymph nodes
* prevent autoreactive immune cells from causing damage in the periphery
*
Immunologic tolerance
lack of response to antigens induced by exposure of lymphocytes to these antigens
What is the underlying cause of autoimmune disease?
Failure of self-tolerance
The principal mechanisms of central tolerance in T-cells
- Immature T-cell death (neg selection)
- Generation of CD4+ regulatory T-cells
When does peripheral tolerance lead to functional inactivation (anergy)/death/ suppression?
when the self-reactive lymphocytes are suppressed by regulatory T cells
Name the 2 types of TCR
αβ TCRs and γδ TCRs
What are the names of the antigen-recognising domains of receptors
Variable regions (V)
Constant regions (C)
Antigen receptor chains are associated with invariant membrane proteins whose function is to deliver intracellular signals following antigen recognition
Just a fact to learn
Invariant membrane proteins function
Deliver intracellular signals after antigen recognition
True or False: Each clone expresses the same TCR specificity
False
Each clone expresses a single TCR specificity
CD3 complex structure
Heterodimer with an alpha (α) and beta (β) polypeptide chain with each polypeptide containing a constant and a variable region.
All T-cells contain which cell marker CD_
CD3