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MICR > L2 Immunity and immune systems > Flashcards

L2 Immunity and immune systems Flashcards

1
Q

Vaccinations

A

Stimulating immune responses against microbes through vaccination

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2
Q

Immunity meaning

A

all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body

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3
Q

Immune system must differentiate between individual’s own cells and what?

A

other molecules

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4
Q

What mediates the protective immunity against microbes

A

Protective immunity against microbes is mediated by the early reactions of innate immunity and the later responses of adaptive immunity

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5
Q

Cellular components of the innate immune system

A

epithelial barriers and leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells)

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity is specific and increased by repeated exposures to antigen (immunologic memory)

A
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7
Q

A memory cell is an antigen-specific…

A

B or T lymphocyte that doesn’t differentiate into effector cells during primary immune response, but does immediately become effector cells upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

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8
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by ____ and cell- mediated immunity is mediated by ___

A

Antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes and their products (e.g., cytokines)

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9
Q

Functions of the immune response

A

Immune recognition
Immune effector functions
Immune regulation
Immunological memory

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10
Q

Immunological recognition:

A

presence of an infection must be detected (by the innate and adaptive
immune systems)

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11
Q

Immune regulation

A

Limits damage to the host bu immune response to antigen (molecule capable
of inducing an immune response).

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12
Q

Failure of immune regulation

A

contributes to disease states including allergy and autoimmune disease (self-destroying)

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13
Q

Immunological memory

A

exposure to an infectious agent produces an immune response that can persist, and protect the host in a subsequent exposure

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14
Q

Direct mechanism of tissue damage by pathogens

A
  • Exotoxin production
  • Endotoxins
  • direct cytopathic effect
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15
Q

Indirect mechanism of tissue damage by pathogens

A
  • Immune complexes
  • Anti-host antibodies
  • Cell mediated Immunity
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16
Q

Whats in common? Interstitial spaces, blood, lymph

A

Extracellular

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17
Q

Whats in common? Cytoplasmic and vesicular

A

Intracellular

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18
Q

Defence is mediated by coordinated responses of what two immunities

A

Innate and adaptive

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19
Q

Innate meaning

A

Natural; recognised by preformed non specific effectors

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20
Q

Adaptive meaning

A

Specific; Stimulated by exposure to pathogens, capable of adapting magnitude and defense capabilities.

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21
Q

What immunity from 0-12 hours after infection

A

Innate

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22
Q

What immunity from 1> days

A

Adaptive

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23
Q

Immune responses are mediated by a variety of cells:

A
  • Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to red and white blood cells
  • First division: myeloid/erythroid vs lymphoid potential, then cells with progressively more limited potential
  • Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins affect differentiation and maturation
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24
Q

Immune responses are mediated by a variety of cells: name 2

A

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymphoid progenitor

Both differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells

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25
Q

Myeloid lineage – first responders?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast cells
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26
Q

Macrophage

A
  • Phagocytosis and activation of bacterialcidal mech.
  • APC
  • Cytokine production
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27
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • Phagocytosis and activation of bacterialcidal mech.
28
Q

Basophil

A
  • Promotes allergic repsonse
  • Augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity
29
Q

Dendritic cell functoin

A
  • Antigen uptake in peripherals
  • APCs
  • Cytokine production
30
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill antibody coated parasites

31
Q

Mast cell

A

Release granules contraining histamine and active agents

32
Q

Lymphoid lineage

A
  • Adaptive immune response
  • B/T cells, natural killers and innate lymphoid cells
  • B/T cells differ by surface proteins (cluster of differentiation)
33
Q

Humoral immunity

A

where antibodies prevent infection and eliminate extracellular microbes
* B-lymphocytes

Adaptive

34
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A
  • Phagocytosed in macrophage and helper-t-cells + cytokines to kill ingested microbe
  • Intracellular microbe in infected cell > Cytotoxic CD8+ kill cell and eliminate reservoirs of infection

Adaptive

35
Q

Diversity in B/T cells

A

B and T cells populations express antigen-specific receptor and use very large stock of specific antigen receptors

36
Q

Specificity

A

All antigen-specific receptors on an individual cell’s surface are identical in structure, therefore, are identical in their specificity.

37
Q

B/T clones

A

When a particular B or T cell divides all of this progeny (decendants) will be identical

38
Q

Memory from specificity

A

Specificity of response allows generation of immunological memory - this can be artificially induced by vaccines

39
Q

Finish this
Naive -> effector -> ?

A

memory

40
Q

Contraction and homeostasis in immune repsonse

A

Prevents host injury during response to foreign antigen

41
Q

Properties of adaptive immune response

A
  1. Antigen exposure (Recog)
  2. APCs to naive cells (Recog)
  3. Clonal expansion (Lymfo act)
  4. Differentiation (Lymfo act)
  5. Antibodies and effector Tcells (Elimin)
  6. Apoptosis (Contraction)
  7. Memory cells (Memory)
42
Q

The secondary immune response

A

Re-exposure to previously recognised antigen reactivates memory cells, which rapidly control replication of the pathogen

43
Q

Vaccine Aim

A

The aim of vaccination is to induce memory cells to the
pathogen of interest, which can be reactivated when the host
encounters that pathogen

44
Q

Lymphoid lineage – B cells

A
  •  Each B cell expresses a B cell receptor (BCR) – membrane bound immunoglobulin – with a unique specificity (identical antigen binding sites)
  •  Activated B cells can act as professional antigen presenting cells (APC) (present antigen and co-stimulatory molecules to T cells)
  •  Effector B cells are called plasma cells – antibodies-producing cells
45
Q

Effector bcells are also called

A

Plasma cells

46
Q

BCRs are

A

Membrane bound immunoglobins

47
Q

Each T cell expresses a T cell

receptor (TCR)

Lymphoid lineage – T cells

A

– recognises only
processed pieces of antigens
bound to cell membrane proteins
– Major Histocompatibility
Complex (MHC) molecules

48
Q

Red and white blood cells arise from where

A

stem cells in the bone marrow

49
Q

2 primary lymphoid organs

A

B cells in the bone marrow and T cells in the thymus

50
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa

51
Q

Pri and secondary lymph organs and cells

A
  • Lymphocytes differentiate in central lymphoid organs – B cells-bone marrow and T cells - thymus
  • These cells encounter antigens and initiate an immune response in secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

– lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa

52
Q

Haematopoiesis stem cells

A

originate in foetal tissues and, in adults, reside primarily in the bone marrow of the axial skeleton (cranium, sternum, ribs, vertebrae and ilium)

53
Q

Bone marrow function

A

production of blood cells, maintenance of HSCs, and modulation of skeletal remodelling

54
Q

Haematopoiesis characteristics

A
  • self-renewal
  • pluripotency
    There are multiple subpopulations of HSCs, with varied quiescent state and self-renew capacity
55
Q

Thymus and thymocytes

A
  • Thymocytes develop in the bone marrow mature in the thymus, and become T cells
  • Migrate to peripheral lymph organ for activation
56
Q

look at this

In humans atrophy begins at puberty and continues throughout life - likely that T cell generation within thymus does continue into adult life, at a much lower rate

A

look

57
Q

Lymph nodes location and role

A

Located along lymphatic vessels and are the sites of cellular interactions and extensive immunologic activity

58
Q

Lymph in lymph node

A
  • Lymph enters the lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels
  • Percolates (filters) through & around follicles, made up of B/T –cell zones in the node.
  • Leaves through efferent lymphatic vessels
59
Q

What happens after APC captures antigen?

A

Antigen-presenting cells that have captured antigen by phagocytosis migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to T cells that have not yet seen been activated

60
Q

Lymph nodes are rich in what cell?

A

Lymph nodes also are rich in macrophages, which can remove antigens in the lymphatic fluid by phagocytosis

61
Q

Secondary Lymph organ

Spleen functions

A
  • Traps and responds to blood-bourne antigens
  • Antigens and lymphocytes carried to spleen via the splenic artery

No not by lymphatic vessels

62
Q

Spleen: red pulp

A

Sinuses containing macrophages that phagocytose aged/abnormal erythrocytes; recycling iron; and removal of microorganisms from the bloodstream
* Like a filtre removing waste from blood

63
Q

Spleen: white pulp

A
  • Lympho tissue around central aterioles
  • Has B-cell follicles and periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), which is populated by T cells
64
Q

Which organ can remove encapsulated bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus and Haemophilus ssp

A

The spleen is particularly effective at removing encapsulated bacteria.

65
Q

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue includes

A

MALT includes
* Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
* Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
* Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)
* SALT – skin-associated
lymphoid tissue

66
Q

Immunopathology

A

autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity

67
Q

Immunopathology examples

A
  • Multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes
  • Rheumatoid arthritis, allergy, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease

MICR (18 decks)

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