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MICR > L12 RNA virus and the disease they cause > Flashcards

L12 RNA virus and the disease they cause Flashcards

1
Q

Influenza Virus family

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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2
Q

Influenza Virus characteristics

A
  • ss - sense RNA
  • RNA segmentaed
  • Each segment will code for 1 or 2 proteins
  • Enveloped gp: hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase (NA) needed for entry and egress of virus to host
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3
Q

Influenza is caused by

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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4
Q

Myxo meaning

A

Greek for mucous

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5
Q

What does the “myxo” in orthomyxoviridae mean for influenza

A

IV attach to mucoproteins on cell surface

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6
Q

3 Gernera of influenza that infect humans

A
  1. IV A (H1-18)
  2. IV 2 (B/yamagata)
  3. IV 3 (Mild, inapparent)
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7
Q

Influenza A Characteristics

A
  • undergo a genetic shift
  • cause pandemics
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8
Q

Minus sense ssRNA undergo mutations and can cause what?

A

Reassortment: high rates of antigenic variation

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9
Q

Reassortment:

A

high rates of antigenic variation

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10
Q

How often does swine flu circulate in pigs

A

Throughout the year

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11
Q

Does swine flu infect humans

A

No normally but sporadic human infections can happen if exposed to an infected pig

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12
Q

Can vaccines against human IV protect against swine flu

A

No

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of Influenza

A
  • Infect upper respiratory tract
  • Virus replicates in epthelial cells in nose killing them
  • Production of IFN and cytokines -> severe malaise
  • Can infect lower repiratory tract and cause pneumonia bc virus replicates in alveolar pethelial cells
  • IV infection also enhance stroke and heart disease
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14
Q

Avian IV dominates preference for what?

A

Alpha-2,3 sialic acid
or alpha 2,6 in humans

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15
Q

Genetic reassortment is the mixing of RNA via what and results in what?

A

Co-infections of host cells by > 1 IV that results in the formation of IV with new genomes (to human immune systems)

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16
Q

Genetic reassortment has severe disease and high death rates (T/F)

A

True

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17
Q

Influence antigenic changes

A

The structure of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase periodically change

18
Q

Influence antigenic change: Shift (pandemic)

A
  • Major change, new subtype
  • Exchange gene segments (reassort): virus is immunologically distinct from the previous IV so there is no existing immunity.
19
Q

Influence antigenic change: Drift (Epidemic)

A
  • Minor change, same subtype
  • Point mutations in HA/NA genes and can’t control replication.
20
Q

Epidemics are an antigenic ____

A

Drift

21
Q

Pandemics are an antigenic _____

A

Shift

22
Q

Season Influenza

A

Respiratory illness transmitted person to person
- Vaccines and immunity

23
Q

Avain Influenza

A
  • Occur naturally in wild birds
  • No human immunity or vaccine
24
Q

Swine Influenza

A
  • Respiratory disease of pigs by IV-A and cause outbreaks
    _ Not infect human normally but can happen sporadically as H1N1v
25
Q

Pandemic Influenza

A
  • Virulent human Influenza that cause global outbreak
  • Little natural immunity
  • Easily transmittable between humans
26
Q

Coronavirus RNA characteristics

A
  • +pos sense
  • enveloped
  • non-segmented RNA with large genome
27
Q

MERS-CoV

A

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

28
Q

MERS-CoV information

A
  • in camels
  • Camels don’t show signs of infection but can spread the disease in fluids
  • 35% mortality
29
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus family and genus

A

Retroviridae and lentivirus

30
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus shape and characteristics simple

A
  • Icosahedral
  • Enveloped
  • ss(+) RNA
31
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus Infects what

A

CD4+ cells with gp120

32
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus replication

A
  • By conversion of vRNA to complementary DNA (vRT)
  • Integrates into host with (v)Integrase
  • Known as a provirus at this stage and ramians integrated for cell’s life
  • HIV is a quasispecies
33
Q

HIV-1 and HIV-2 both arose from what

A

Non-human primates in West Africa

34
Q

HIV-1 came from

A

Chimpanzees and is the cause of almost all human infection

35
Q

HIV-2 is related to

A

Simian immunodeficiency virus and is a less aggressive disease progression

36
Q

Which group is the main circulating recombinant form of HIV-1

A

group M

37
Q

HIV transmission

A

Percutaneous
- Injection
- Transfusion from donors
- Occupational - nurses
Permucosal
- Perinatal in-delivery or breast milk
- Sexual transmission across mucosal membranes in urogenital tract and rectal mucosa

38
Q

What happens to the CD$ t-cell count after HIV infection without antivirals

A

CD4+ T-cell count gradually and consistently declines

39
Q

Diagnosis of AIDS

A

Low CD$+ t-cell count of <200 cells
Pneumocystis jiroveci or one illness

40
Q

Long term non-progression

A
  • had stable CD4+ counts after given blood from infected donor
  • Attenuation of the HIV-1 genome, the nef gene, interferes with viral replication and can influence disease outcome
41
Q

Resistance to infection with HIV-1: CCR5-∆32

A
  • HIV target T-cells via CD$ and coreceptors
  • Slow progressors were homozygous for 32bp deletion in CCR5 gene
  • More freq in north europe
42
Q

[Resistence to HIV-1] CCR5 432 mutation expressed on what cells?

A
  • receptor molecule expressed on T-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and microglia
    microglia
  • Ligands are MPI1a, MPI1B, RANTES
    *32 base pair deletion within coding region results in a frameshift and generates a non-function receptor for HIV-1

MICR (23 decks)

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