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MICR > L11 viruses and their diseases > Flashcards

L11 viruses and their diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Herpesviruses general

A
  • Family Herpesviridae
  • Large dsDNA genomes encoding 100-200 genes, T=16
  • All herpesviruses are enveloped icosahedral viruses
  • 9 different Herpesviruses that infect mammals:
  • Herpes Simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1/HSV-2)
  • Varicella zoster (VZV)
  • Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
  • Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
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2
Q

Alpha subfamily of herpesvirus

A

HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV

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3
Q

beta and gamma subfamilies of herpesvirus

A
  • Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
  • Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
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4
Q

HSV-1 causes

A

cold sores

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5
Q

Herpes simplex virus

A
  • Involves oral mucosua and lips
  • 1st infection can cause herpes gingivostomatitis
  • Primary infection no symptoms
  • Has latent state in trigeminal ganglia
  • Reactivated by stress
  • Can cause encephalitis
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6
Q

Herpes simplex virus latent state

A
  • First infection can cause herpes gingivostomatitis; most primary infections don’t produce symptoms
  • Following the primary infection, virus persists in a latent state in trigeminal ganglia and is then reactivated by trauma, fatigue, sunlight, emotional stress
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7
Q

Herpes simplex virus type 1

A
  • Herpes labialis, the cold sore, is a recurrence of the first or primary infection
  • Previously, most cold sores associated with HSV-1 infection; now by HSV-2
  • *Herpetic whitlow *is HSV infection of fingers and thumbs that is very painful
  • Most often it is caused by autoinoculation, secondary to genital herpes and health care workers exposed to patients with HSV lesions
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8
Q

Herpes simplex virus type 2

A
  • associated with genital herpes
  • Infects epithelial cells of external genitalia, urethra, cervix, rectum and adjacent skin
  • Virus transmitted to newborns during delivery (neonatal herpes)
  • Can result in blindness and neurological disease in babies. Caesarian delivery recommended for HSV-2-infected pregnant women with active disease
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9
Q

Cycle of infection for Herpse

A
  1. Initial infection
  2. Latency
  3. Reactivation
  4. Transmission
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10
Q

Initial infection herpse

A

After primary infection, viruses remain latent in the sacral plexus of the spinal cord

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11
Q

latency herpes

A

As is the case for HSV-1, the virus does not replicate, viral genes are not expressed, and host cell does not die.

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12
Q

Reactivation of herpes

A

Reactivation can occur without symptoms, and host is infectious (also the case with HSV-1).

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13
Q

Transmission of herpse

A

Virus enters host via break in skin or mucous membranes, especially during sexual contact.

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14
Q

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) symptoms and receptor

A
  • VZV causes 2 main syndromes: Varicella (chickenpox) and Zoster (shingles)
  • mannose-6-phosphate
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15
Q

¾ VZV infection is acquired by the ____ route

A

respiratory (airborne)

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16
Q

VZV infection is acquired by the
respiratory route (airborne)

A
  • Dissemination of virus in bloodstream is followed by a rash.
  • Vesicles similar to those produced in HSV infection are formed, and form lesions, but unlike the HSV lesions are not infectious
17
Q

VZV

In some patients, the virus becomes dormant in the____ but can also affect any sensory nerve most commonly the thoracic, trigeminal, cervical, and lumbosacral. The virus can be reactivated to cause ____, in which there is a characteristic distribution of vesicles along the affected dermatome. Usually only one such event in a lifetime, and most often in people who are elderly or ____.

A
  1. dorsal root ganglion
  2. shingles
  3. immunocompromised
18
Q

Anti-herpesvirus agents drugs: oral

A
  • Acyclovir
  • Valacyclovir
  • Famciclovir
19
Q

Anti-herpesvirus agents drugs: oral

A

Trigluduridine

20
Q

Anti-herpesvirus agents drugs: topical agents

A
  • Acyclovir
21
Q

Human cytomegalovirus general and its infection initiated

A
  • Most people have been infected with HCMV during their life; prevalence is about 80%
  • Virus can infect most human cells, and infection is initiated through a nonspecific interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans
22
Q

Human cytomegalovirus in host

A
  • Virus persists in host and is shed for years in saliva, urine, semen, breastmilk and cervical secretions
  • Virus interferes with host immune functions including antigen presentation, cytokine production, and natural killer cell activity
23
Q

Human cytomegalovirus

Certain groups are at risk of more severe disease: a leading cause of illness and death in organ transplant recipients and ________ individuals (especially AIDS patients), also a serious infection of ____

A
  1. immunocompromised
  2. newborns
24
Q

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
* causes
* common
* present where
* infects what lining and how

A
  • EBV causes infectious mononucleosis, also known as glandular fever or kissing disease
  • Very common infection: 80-90% of people worldwide ¾
  • Virus is present in oropharyngeal secretions and therefore is spread by mouth-to-mouth contact or shared drinking glasses ¾
  • EBV infects epithelial cells lining the throat. Following replication, new virus particles then infect memory B cells, which rapidly proliferate and take on an atypical appearance that is useful in diagnosis
25
Q

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) symptoms

A

Disease is manifested by enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen, sore throat, fever, headache, and general tiredness and weakness

26
Q

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) also causes Burkitt’s lymphoma where

A
  • EBV also causes Burkitt’s lymphoma in tropical Africa and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Southeast Asia, East and North Africa, and in Inuit populations ¾
  • Burkitt’s lymphoma in Africa is thought to be a consequence of coinfection with malaria, or immunodeficiency ¾
  • Burkitt’s lymphoma is seen in patients infected with HIV and who are immunocompromised
27
Q

Polyoma virus JC

A

JC virus infection can result in a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in which oligodendrocytes are destroyed

28
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV)
* family
* shape
* spread

A
  • Family Papilliomaviridae ¾
  • Nonenveloped icosahedral, small dsDNA viruses ¾
  • Infect epithelial cells though micro-abrasions (or other epithelial trauma) causing genital warts and/or cancerous lesions ¾
  • Spread by direct contact and by autoinoculation via scratching
29
Q
  • HPV16 and 18 – are responsible for most ____ in women
  • HPV 6 and 11 – are responsible for___ and ___ laryngeal
A
  1. cervical cancers
  2. genital warts
  3. papillomatosis
30
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV) stats

A
  • HPV consists of >170 different strains, with > 40 transmitted sexually
  • Classified into high risk and low-risk HPV types depending on their oncogenic potential (cause cancer).
  • HPV16 and 18 – are responsible for most cervical cancers in women
  • HPV 6 and 11 – are responsible for genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis
  • More than 50% of sexually active men and women are infected with HPV
31
Q

Early Human papilloma virus (HPV) detected by what

A

Early pre-cancerous changes can be detected in cervical mucosa, via Pap smears; HPV-associated cervical cancer is a leading cause of death in countries where screening Pap smears are not available

32
Q

Nona-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine

A
  • 9 HPV strains, including 6, 11, 16 and 18
  • School-based National HPV Vaccination Program
  • Targets young adolescent
33
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
* Infects what
* Transmission
* Clinical features

A
  • HBV infect liver cells (hepatocytes) and causes hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)
  • Transmission: Parenteral transmission, Highest concentration of virus found in blood; lower concentrations found in semen, vaginal fluid
  • Approximately 50% of acute HBV is acquired sexually Needlestick injury, needle sharing, tattooing, acupuncture
    • 30 - 50% of adults – symptomatic acute hepatitis: fatigue, malaise, fever, abdominal pain, icterus (jaundice), pruritus (itching)
  • Usually asymptomatic in neonates and young children
34
Q

HBV transmission

A
  • Parenteral transmission
  • Highest concentration of virus found in blood; lower concentrations found in semen, vaginal fluid
  • Approximately 50% of acute HBV is acquired sexually
  • Needlestick injury, needle sharing, tattooing, acupuncture
35
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
* Infection ty[e
* fulminant hepatits

A
  • Most infections are acute and the virus is cleared from the host by immune response
  • About 1 in 1000 patients develops fulminant hepatitis and die within 10 days of infection.
  • Result of abnormally active destruction of hepatocytes by HB-specific cytotoxic T cells
36
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic carriers and risks

A
  • Approximately 10% of infections are not cleared and the virus continue to replicate -> chronic carriers (continued HBV viraemia 6 months after infection
  • Risk of becoming a carrier is associated with age at infection:
  • higher for newborns,
  • lower for adults
  • Chronic infection is associated with development of cirrhosis (liver damage and scarring) and ultimately, liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
37
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in pregnant women

A
  • HBV infection in a pregnant woman poses a serious risk to her infant at birth
  • Perinatal HBV transmission can be prevented by identifying HBV-infected pregnant women and providing hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine to their infants within 12 hours of birth
  • 90% of infants infected vertically go on to chronicity
38
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
* antigen
* clearance
* persistence

A
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is detectable in blood soon after infection
  • Clearance of HBsAg from blood, and appearance of anti-HBs, indicates recovery
  • Persistence of HBsAg (> 6 months after infection), lack of anti-HBs, indicates chronic infection – carrier state

MICR (18 decks)

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