L13 Flashcards
Three requirements to ensure successful infection of host:
- Sufficient virions available to initiate infection
- Cells at site of infection need to be physically accessible to virions, must be susceptible (bear receptors for entry), and permissive (contain intracellular gene products needed for viral replication)
- Local host antiviral defense systems must be absent or initially ineffective
Requirements for a successful infection simple
- Dose
- Access to target cells: be susceptible an permissive
- Absent or insufficient host immunity (innate not good enough for virus)
Transmission
Spread of virus from one susceptible host to another
Two patterns of virus transmission
- Perpetuation of transmission in one species (measles only in humans (are reservoir))
- Alternate infection of insect and vertebrate host (rabies from animals to humans but maintains in animals)
What is the term for a viral disease shared by humans and animals/insects
Zoonoses
The number of virus particles required to initiate and maintain infection depend on what three things?
- particular virus (how many virions needed to infect)
- Site of infection
- Age/physiology of host
A ___ virus particle can initiate an infection; complexity of the infectious cycle, and probability of a single virus particle completing the cycle is_____ 100%
single
not
In the initiation of an infection can defective virus particles be produced?
Yes
How can virus infectivity be determined?
- Tissue culture infectious dose
- Plaque assays
Virus entry into the respiratory tract
- Common
- large absorptive area (140m2) and high ventilation rate (6 Lair/in)
- So many foreign particles and aerosolized droplets introduced to the lungs with every breath
Respiratory tract defence mechanism
- mechanical barriers like the
- mucociliary blanket of ciliated cells
- Mucous-secreting goblet cells
- Subepithelial mucous secreting glands
All trap foreign particles and swallow or move them from lungs to throat. - Macrophages that line alveoli ingest and destroy particle
What form do virus enter the respiratory tract
Aerosolized form
The aero droplets expelled by an infected person cough or sneeze
What do goblet cells do
- secrete mucous that acts like a barrier to virus attachment
- Virions will pass though barrier and multiply in ciliated cells or pass between them
- Will then reach the basement membrane and virions taken to lympathic capillaries and reach blood
- Macrophages patrol tissue fluids and ingest foreign particles
Viruses can replicate that different levels of the respiratory tract
yes
What is the Alimentary Tract
Stomach
Virus Entry: Alimentary Tract
- Common route of infection and dispersal
- Extremely hostile environment for virions – stomach = acidic, intestine = alkaline
- Many digestive enzymes and bile detergents, intestine is lined by mucous, lumenal surface includes antibodies and phagocytes
What virus can replicate in lowpH of stomach
Poliovirus
Changes in capsid that occur under acid conditions are fully ___; low pH induces ____ disassembly of the rhinovirus capsid
reversible
irreversible
The intestine wall is made up of what?
epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues, made up of different cell types within an extracellular matrix.
What does a typical M cell have
surrounded by 2 enterocytes. Lymphocytes and macrophages move in and out of invagina&ons on basolateral side of M cell
Virus Entry Through Skin
- Skin of most animals is an effective barrier against viral infection – dead outer layer cannot support viral replication
- Entry through skin mostly occurs when integrity has been breached by breaks or punctures:
Entry through skin mostly occurs when integrity has been breached by breaks or punctures:
- Mechanical transmission eg.
1. by insect vectors such as arthropods, introducing virus into highly vascularized dermis
2. by hypodermic needle puncture into tissues below dermis.
Urogenital tract mucosal cells are protected by what?
mucous and low pH
Minute abrasions allow viruses to enter – may produce local lesions, spread to other organs
fact
Transplacental infection
- ZIKV infection can occur during any pregnancy stage
- By mosquitos
- ZIKV can breach the placenta barrier
Virus infect targets cells where
at site of entry