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Anatomy > L5 > Flashcards

L5 Flashcards

1
Q

Hello

A

Hello

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2
Q

Organogenesis happens during

A

Gastrulation

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3
Q

At the end of the embryonic period two things have happened what are they

A

1- main organ systems are formed
2-external body form is recognizable

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4
Q

What induces the ectoderm to form the neural plate?

A

Then notochord 

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5
Q

Cells of the neural plate make up the

A

Neuroectoderm

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6
Q

The neural plate will expand towards ___ and folds ___

A

Primitve streak, dorsaly

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7
Q

By the end of the 3rd week, the lateral edges of the neural plate forms the

A

Neural folds

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8
Q

By the end of the third week, The middle region depresses and forms

A

Neural groove

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9
Q

Fusion begins at which region and how does it proceeds. What does it form

A

Cervical region, cranially and caudally
Neural tube

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10
Q

What form the neural tube

A

Fusion of the neural plate

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11
Q

Which cells give rise to the neural tube?

A

Neuroectoderm induced by notochord

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12
Q

Folding/ closing begins at the end of which week

A

3rd week

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13
Q

If closure of the caudal pores fail, what might result

A

Spina bifida

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14
Q

The notochord induces the ___ to form the ___ which makes up the ___ to make the __ and ___

A

Ectoderm
Neural plate e
Neuroectoderm
Neural crest and neural tube

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15
Q

until the fusion is complete, the cephalic and caudal end of the neural tube communicates with

A

The amniotic cavity with the neuropores

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16
Q

Is there a communication between the mesoderm and the Neuroectoderm ?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Anterior neuropore closes at day
Posterior neuropore closes at day

A

25
28

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18
Q

Is the anterior pore fails to close or if the posterior pore fails to close what congenital malformations will rise

A

Ancephaly
Spina bifida

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19
Q

what are the changes between day 25 and 28 (6)

A

1- inc in head size
2-umbilical cord formation
3-closure of neuropores
4- inc in somites number
5-Indentations for limbs
6- otic palcode gives rise to eyes and ears

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20
Q

BMP and FGF are secreted from (endo-ecto-meso)?

A

Ectoderm

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21
Q

Neural crest cells are what type of cells

A

Neuralectodermal

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22
Q

When does the formation and migration of neural crest cells happen

A

During neural tube closure

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23
Q

At the dorsal part cells begin to detach and migrate from neural tube and as they detach, they change their profile from epithelial to mesenchymal

they will give rise to structures that are associated to the CNS , ganglions

A

😊

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24
Q

Mention the function of the following
-Developing superarenal gland
-Preaortic ganglion
-Enteric ganglion

A

 -secretes cortisol from the kidneys
-Controls vasodilation vasorestriction
-GI tract To increase or decrease digestion

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25
Q

Why do the neural crest cells detach and migrate

A

Because some parts of the nervous system are not dorsal.the neural tube and neural crest cells are dorsal, while other ganglions and nerves are all over the body. So immigration is needed

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26
Q

Why are BMPs and FGFs Are necessary for neural crest formation?
Exam question

A

As we said, neural crest cells form ganglions, and ganglions all are all over the body not only dorsally where the neural tube is so ventralization genes are necessary

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27
Q

What is the significance behind transforming the profile of neural crest cells from epithelial to mesenchynal? 

A

To have the ability to migrate

28
Q

In the case of ancephaly what organ fails to form

A

Most of the brain

29
Q

If the neural tube fails to close below the cervical region what might result

A

Spina bifida Most commonly and the lumbosacral region

30
Q

The somatic mesoderm is also known as ___, And it surrounds the__

The splanchnic mesoderm is also known as ___, And it surrounds the__

A

Parietal, ectoderm
Visceral, endoderm

31
Q

When does the Paraxial mesoderm begins to be organized as segments, and what are the segments called

A

Beginning of the third week
Somitomeres

32
Q

Somitomeres formation proceeds

A

Cephalocaudally

33
Q

Somitomeres are further organized into

A

Somites

34
Q

By the end of the 5th week how many somites are formed

A

42-44

35
Q

How many parts does a somite have

A

Scleratome myotome dermatome

36
Q

Go to slide 16 and check the positions of the somites

A

Okay?

37
Q

what TF is needed to develop muscle cell from the dorsomedial part of the somite? And what induces it?
MYOD
WNT
BMP4
PAX3
NT3
SHH
PAX1
NOGGIN
MYF5

A

MYF5,
WNT from dorsal///SHH from the ventral part

38
Q

what TF is needed to develop skin cells cell from the middorsal part of the somite? And what induces it?
MYOD
WNT
BMP4
PAX3
NT3
SHH
PAX1
NOGGIN
MYF5

A

PAX3
NF3 dorsal part

39
Q

what TF is needed to develop muscle cell from the ventrolateral part of the somite? And what induces it?
MYOD
WNT
BMP4
PAX3
NT3
SHH
PAX1
NOGGIN
MYF5

A

MYOD
WNT from ectoderm , BMP4 from intermediate mesoderm

40
Q

what TF is needed to develop bones from the scleratome part of the somite? And what induces it?
MYOD
WNT
BMP4
PAX3
NT3
SHH
PAX1
NOGGIN
MYF5n

A

PAX1
SHH ventral , noggin notochord

41
Q

Which part is incorporated with a developing fetus (endo-ecto-meso)

A

Endoderm, visceral

42
Q

Reveal answer for a note!

A

The endoderm germ layer covers the ventral surface of the embryo and forms the roof of the yolk sac

43
Q

What causes both the head and tail regions to move ventrally forming cranial and caudal body folds

A

Growth of brain vesicles
Lengthening of the neural tube

44
Q

The embryo lies within which cavity >

A

Amniotic cavity

45
Q

When the umbilical region in the ventral region doesn’t close completely, it leaves

A

A connection between the yolk sac and the gut

46
Q

At the cranial end, the foregut is separated from the ___ by ___

A

Stomodeum
Oropharyngeal membrane

47
Q

At the caudal region, the hind gut is separated from the ___ by

A

Exterior (amniotic cavity)
Cloacal membrane

48
Q

What remains in connection with the yolk sac?

A

Midgut

49
Q

Maturation of tissues and organs and rapid growth takes place

A

Fetal period

50
Q

Weight gain is striking during last__ months of gestation

A

2

51
Q

Growth in length is conspicuous in

A

Fetal period, 3-5 months

52
Q

During this period, Slowdown of head growth compared to rest of the body

A

Fetal

53
Q

Face becomes more human-looking

A

3rd month

54
Q

Eyes and ears move to the adult position

A

Third month

55
Q

Upper limbs reach their relative length

A

3rd month

56
Q

In the third month, only ___ limbs reach the relative length

A

Upper

57
Q

Primary ossification centers (bone formation) present in skull during

A

3rd month

58
Q

External genitalia develop - can be seen in ultrasound during

A

3rd month

59
Q

Intestinal loops are withdrawn into the ___ during

A

Abdominal cavity
third month

60
Q

When and why will the pregnant mother start to feel some kicks

A

During the third month because of muscular activity

61
Q

Muscular activity during

A

3rd month

62
Q

The fetus is lined with fine lanugo hair, When and why

A

4-5 month
To protect the skin

63
Q

Why is the fetus reddish by the sixth week

A

Because of the development of blood vessels

64
Q

Why does a fetus born at six months may not survive

A

Because the lung has not developed yet

65
Q

Why does the fetus increases in weight in the last two months

A

In the last two months, the position of sub continuous tissue takes place which results in

66
Q

What proteins differentiates the mesoderm into 3 segments

A

BMP4

Anatomy (20 decks)

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