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Anatomy > L4 > Flashcards

L4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure that is implanted in the uterus

A

Blastocyst

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2
Q

The bilaminar a germ disk is composed of

A

ICM that is differentiated into epiblast and hypoblast

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3
Q

Fertilization occurs in___ while implantation is in___

A

The ampulla of the uterine tubes
The body of the uterus

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4
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Hypoblast

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5
Q

Describe the cytotrophoblast

A

Inner layer of mononucleated cells

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6
Q

Describe syncytiotrophoblast

A

Outer layer multinucleated zone without distinct cell boundaries

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7
Q

Describe the hypoblast 

A

Cuboidal cells adjacent to the blastocyst cavity

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8
Q

Describe epiblast

A

Columnar cells adjacent to the amniotic cavity

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9
Q

How is the Amnioblast formed

A

Embryoblast pulls away from the trophoblast forming a hollow Amniotic Cavity. Epiblast cells adjacent to the cytotrophoblast are called amnioblasts

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10
Q

-secretes hCG

A

syncytiotrophoblast

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11
Q

The extraembryonic mesoderm splits into 2 layers

A

Somatic splanchnic 

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12
Q

Extraembryonic mesoderm is formed from

A

Hypoblast

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13
Q

What are the events of the second week of development

A

• The trophoblast differentiates into 2 layers
• The embryoblast forms 2 layers
• The extraembryonic mesoderm splits into 2 layers
• Two cavities form
• bilaminar disk

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14
Q

Mention the events of the third week of development

A

Formation of the primitive streak
Appearance of primitive node
Migration of the epiblast cells toward the primitive streak
Formation of the 3 germ layers
Trilaminar disk

GASTRULATION GASTRULATION GASTRULATION

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15
Q

The primitive node know it appears at the__- region

A

Cephalic end of the primitive streak

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16
Q

The endoderm and mesoderm form from the

A

MIGRATION of the epiblast 

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17
Q

The ectoderm is formed from the_

A

REMAINING cells of the epiblast

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18
Q

Signals a lot of transcription factors to indicate how gastrulation will occur

A

Primitive node

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19
Q

Where is the primitive streak located

A

Caudomedial

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20
Q

Indicates early signs of gastrulation

A

Primitive streak

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21
Q

Interpret: all the body develops from epiblast

A

All the body develops from the MIGRATING epiblasts because they form the three germ layers

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22
Q

Gives rise to the umbilical cord

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm from hypoblast

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23
Q

Gives rise to the placenta

A

Syn. Trophoblast

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24
Q

Will give rise to the notochord

A

Prenotochordal cells

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25
Q

What is the job of the notochord

A

Established by the axis
signaling molecules
It was eventually disintegrate and the remnants will be in the vertebral disc

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26
Q

What is the function of cavities

A

Nourish the embryo

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27
Q

Where does the primitive node it appears

A

Cephalic end OF THE PRIMITIVE STREAK

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28
Q

The primitive streak appears on the ___
what is the primitive node __

A

Caudal end
cephalic end

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29
Q

Organizes the migration of epiblast sense to form three germ layers

A

Primitive node

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30
Q

Ensures which transcription factors or genes will be expressed at which time

A

Primitive node

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31
Q

Which cells give rise to the notochord

A

Mesoderm

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32
Q

How do the notochord forms from the mesoderm

A

They attached to the endoderm forming a notochord plate then they detach from it

33
Q

What are the two types of mesoderm

A

Intraembryonic
extraembryonic

34
Q

The intraembryonic mesoderm differentiates into

A

Paraxial lateral intermediate

35
Q

Gives rise to somites

A

Mesoderm > intraembryonic > paraxial 

36
Q

Development is(direction)

A

Cephalocaudal
Left to right
Ventral to dorsal

37
Q

Which side is established first R or L?

A

Left

38
Q

Establishment of the body axes is in which week

A

2 and 3

39
Q

Which genes regulate head development

A

HESX1
LIM1
OTX2

40
Q

What is the location of the cells that regulate head development

A

Anterior, cranial and, AVE(endoderm)

41
Q

OTX2 LIM1 AND HESX1 results in (2)

A

Anteroposterior axis
Head formation

42
Q

what occurs during gastrulation

A

Ventralization and dorsalization

43
Q

What genes are responsible for ventralization

A

BMP4 FGF

44
Q

BMP4 FGF are secreted through

A

Bilaminar disk

45
Q

BMP4 FGF result in

A

Ventralization of mesoderm—> intermediate and lateral

46
Q

Which gene transcription factor is responsible for dorsalization

A

Goosecoid

47
Q

Goosecoid is expressed in

A

Node

48
Q

Goosecoid results in

A

Regulate chordin expression + noggin + follistatin = inhibits the activity of BMP4 =
dorsalize:
mesoderm —> notochord
Paraxial mesoderm —> head

49
Q

Brachyury T gene results in

A

Inhibits BMP4 = dorsalize
Mesoderm —> notochord
Paraxial —> caudal 

50
Q

Ventralization is related to what types of mesoderm

A

Lateral intermediate

51
Q

Dorsalization is related to what types of mesoderm

A

Paraxial
—> head in goosecoid
—> caudal BT gene

52
Q

Which GTF regulates caudal genesis

A

BT gene

53
Q

Which GTF regulates crainal genesis

A

HESX1
LIM1
OTX2
GOOSECOIDS // PARAXIAL —> CRAINAL

54
Q

Which GTF regulates dorsal genesis

A

BT gene
Goosecoids

55
Q

Which GTF regulates ventral genesis

A

BMP4 FGH

56
Q

FGF8 results in

A

Establish the nodal protein

57
Q

Nodal proteins is a part of which superfamily

A

TGF-B

58
Q

Nodal protein accumulates on the

A

Left side

59
Q

What induces nodal, lefty1 and lefty 2 expression

A

FGF8 under the influence of 5HT
And
Brachyury T gene

60
Q

Regulates PITX2

A

Nodal and lefty 2

61
Q

PITX2 results in

A

Inc left side expression

62
Q

on what side are Lefty 1 and 2

A

1– ventral, left side of the neural plate
2- lateral plate mesoderm

63
Q

SHH results in

A

Mid line barrier
Inc left side genes on the right

64
Q

Are expressed in the NODE

A

Goosecoids
FGF8
Nodal
Chordin
Follistatin
Noggin

65
Q

Expressed in the notochord

A

SHH
BT gene

66
Q

Epiblast cells adjacent to the cytotrophoblast are called

A

amnioblasts

67
Q

As the neural plate starts to form, neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT) increases in concentration on the left side why?

A

Because MAO metabolizes 5HT on the right

68
Q

Expression of the transcription factor Snailresults in

A

regulate downstream genes important for establishing right-sidedness

69
Q

establish right-sidedness

A

Snail

70
Q

The Extraembryonic mesoderm splits into two layers that are located between

A

Cytotrophoblast and exocoelomic membrane

71
Q

Dorsalizing the mesoderm is required for the development of

A

Notochord

BT gene : meso —> notocord
Goosecoid: meso —> notocord

72
Q

Which protein is required for mesoderm to Differentiate into three segments

A

BMP4

73
Q

What guides migration of epiblast from the primitive pit

A

TGF, nodal

74
Q

Provides cellular supply for the formation of three germ layers

A

Epiblast

75
Q

Causes mesoderm to differentiate into an embryo

A

FGF8

76
Q

From where do the epiblast sells migrate to form the Notochordal process

A

Primitive node

77
Q

Insufficient development of which embryonic structure leads to caudal dysgenesis

A

Mesoderm

78
Q

Which abnormality is associated with old age 

A

Neural tube defects

79
Q

Gastrulation is initiated by

A

 primitive streak

Anatomy (20 decks)

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