L33- dysregulation of fuel homeostasis Flashcards
define diabetes
dysregulation of insulin secretion/activity resulting in inability to regulate blood [glucose]
what is type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease causing loss of B cells so no/ insufficient insulin produced
what conditions does diabetes(1&2) lead to
glycosuria
hyperglycaemia
muscle wasting
how is type 1 diabetes treated & how can treatment be administered
insulin treatment
via subcutaneous injection or infusion pump
what is type 2 diabetes
inadequate insulin production and insulin resistance
how are BMI and type 2 diabetes related
high BMI is a risk factor
what is insulin resistance
where body tissues no longer respond to insulin
what can cause insulin resistance
hormones secreted by adipocytes
higher levels of TGs and FAs
how can type 2 diabetes be treated
drugs that :
increase insulin sensitivity
increase insulin secretion from B cells
increase glucose excretion (SGLT 2 inhibitors)
eventually insulin therapy may be needed
exercise and improved diet
how can exercise and improved diet help ‘treat’ diabetes
weight loss decreases levels of the hormones that induce insulin resistance
what can prolonged hyperglycaemia (as a result of diabetes) lead to
microvascular damage (blood vessels/nerves) macrovascular damage (cardiovascular dysfunction)
describe 3 types of microvascular damage as a result of diabetes
- nephropathy - damage to nephron causing more proteins etc to be filtered and lost in urine
- retinopathy - damage to the small blood vessels of the eye
- neuropathy - damage to nerves causing loss of sensation
explain macrovascular damage as a result of prolonged hyperglycaemia
cardiovascular dysfunction:
-reduce in heart elasticity
-increased risk of atherosclerosis and therefore
angina and hypertension
