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60 > L23 - hypothalamus and pituitary > Flashcards

L23 - hypothalamus and pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

what is released from the posterior pituitary

A

hormones made in hypothalamus
oxytocin
ADH

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2
Q

what is the origin of posterior pituitary

A

neuronal

downgrowth from brain

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3
Q

what is the origin of anterior pituitary

A

ectodermal

up growth from roof of mouth

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4
Q

what is released from the median eminence

A

peptide hormones

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5
Q

what does the anterior pituitary secrete

A 
growth hormone (GH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Leutinising Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Prolactin (PL)
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6
Q

does the anterior or posterior pituitary appear darker in a histological image?

A

anterior

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7
Q

what are the main classifications of cells of the anterior pituitary

A

chromophobes

chromophiles

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8
Q

how do chromophobes appear in a histological image and why

A

pale stained

these cells have secreted the hormone they once contained

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9
Q

how do chromophiles appear in a histological image and why

A

strong cytoplasm staining
contain chromaffin granules as they are hormone releasing cells
(basophils and acidophils)

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10
Q

what type of cells are baso/acidophiles

A

chromophiles

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11
Q

what do somatotrophs secrete

A

GH

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12
Q

what do mammatatrophs secrete

A

prolactin

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13
Q

what do corticotrophins secrete

A

ACTH

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14
Q

name cells of anterior pituitary

A 
somatotrophs
mammatatrophs
corticotrophins
tyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
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15
Q

what do tyrotrophs secrete

A

TSH

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16
Q

what do gonadotrophs secrete

A

LH , FSH

17
Q

functions of endocrine systems

A

development
reproduction
homeostasis
metabolism

18
Q

how is hormone release from the posterior pituitary controlled

A

neurons straight from hypothalamus through pituitary stalk to posterior pituitary

19
Q

how is hormone release from anterior controlled

A
  1. hypothalamus sends axons to median eminence
  2. neuropeptide hormones released from median eminence into portal veins
  3. neuropeptide hormones bind to receptors on anterior pituitary
20
Q

where are posterior hormones synthesised

A

hypothalamus

21
Q

where are anterior hormones synthesised

A

anterior pituitary

22
Q

name basophilic cells and what they secrete

A

corticotrophins - ACTH
tyrotrophs - TSH
gonadotrophs - FSH, LH

23
Q

name acidophilic cells and what they secrete

A

somatotrophs - GH

mammatotrophs - Prolactin

24
Q

what hormones are released from hypothalamus

A 
releasing hormones
inhibitory hormones (somatostatin , dopamine)
25
Q

what does somatostatin inhibit

A

release of :
GH
TSH

26
Q

what does dopamine inhibit the release of

A

Prolactin

27
Q

function of FSH and LH

A
  1. control production of oestrogen and progesterone by ovary and testosterone by testes
28
Q

function of GH

A

stimulates growth in many tissues
anabolic effect in many tissues
targets liver to produce IGF-1

29
Q

function of TSH

A

acts on thyroid to generate T3 & T4 which regulate growth and development

30
Q

function of Prolactin

A

stimulates lactation after birth

31
Q

function of ACTH

A

acts on cortex of adrenal gland to produce and release steroid hormones

32
Q

what does ACTH stand for

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

33
Q

what do steroid hormones regulate

A

Na
blood pressure
metabolism
responses to stress

34
Q

how is release of hormones controlled? what feedback mechanism?

A

negative feedback

  1. the pituitary hormone will inhibit the release of the releasing hormone from hypothalamus
  2. the response will inhibit the release of the hormone from the pituitary, and the release of the releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
35
Q

example of the negative feedback mechanism of hormone release

A

GHRH, GH and somatostatin

  1. GH from pituitary inhibits release of GHRH from hypothalamus
  2. IGF-1 (response) inhibits GH release from pituitary and also increases SS release
36
Q

what is meant by
short negative feedback loop
long negative feedback loop

A

the hormone released from pituitary causes inhibition

the hormone/molecule released as response causes inhibition (eg IGF-1 / cortisol)

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