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a. SL12100: Health and disease > L32 - Intro To Helminths And Protozoa > Flashcards

L32 - Intro To Helminths And Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What are protozoa?

A
  • diverse group if sinlge celled “animal like” eukaryotes
  • part of protists
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2
Q

What are protozoa like?

A
  • most free livinv, some are pathogens
  • prevalent in (sub)tropical regions
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3
Q

What do protozoa do?

A
  • infect tissues/organs
  • intracellular parasites in cells
  • extracellular in blood, intestine, urogenital system
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4
Q

How are protozoa transmited?

A
  • vectors // malaria
  • contaminated water/soil/food //amoeba
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5
Q

What do protozoal cells have (organelles, structures)?

A
  • mitochondria
  • ER
  • golgi apparatus
  • food vacuole
  • contractile vacuole
  • pseudopodia
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6
Q

What is the classification of protozoa?

A
  • amoeba - move by pseudopodia
  • flagellates - have flagella
  • ciliate - have cilia
  • apicomplexa (sporozoa) - have apical complex, all parasitic // plasmodium
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7
Q

What are facts about malaria?

A
  • bad air, also called marsh fever
  • > 100 countries, tropical areas (africa, asia and south america)
  • 40% world at risk, 90% of deaths in africa
  • deaths dec over last 5-10 yrs (due to prevention strategies, new drugs)
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8
Q

What are malaria - causative agents from less common and moderate disease to more common and severe disease?

A
  • plasmodium malariae
  • plasmodium ovale
  • plasmodium vivax
  • plasmodium falciparum
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9
Q

What is the life cycle for malaria?

A
  • parasite injected with saliva of blood-feeding female mosquitoes
  • multiply in liver (~2 weeks)
  • released - infect RBCs repeatedly (days)
  • go through reproductive phase inside mosquito
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10
Q

What are uncomplicatedsymptoms of malaria?

A
  • 6-10 hours
  • cold stage - shivering
  • hot stage - fever
  • sweating stage
  • headache, body ache, nausea, vomiting, weakness, enlarged spleen
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11
Q

What are severe (complicated) symptoms of malaria?

A
  • cerebral malaria - abnormal behaviour, seizures, coma
  • shock (drop in blood flow)
  • severe anaemia (haemolysis)
  • pulmonary oedema (breathing problems)
  • liver failure, jaundice
  • swelling, rupturing of spleen
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12
Q

What is chemoprophylaxis like in areas without drug resistance?

A
  • chloroquine
  • proguanil
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13
Q

What is chemoprophylaxis like in areas with limited drug resistance?

A

Proguanil plus chloroquine

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14
Q

What is chemoprophylaxis like in areas of chloroquine resistance?

A
  • mefloquine
  • doxycycline
  • atovaquone-proguanil
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15
Q

What are general feautres of helminths (structure)?

A
  • multicellular, differentiated organs (no circulatory tract)
  • <1 mm to >10 m
  • anterior end, have suckers, hooks, plates (used for attachment)
  • touch cuticle - difficult for immune system to eradicate
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16
Q

What are general features of helminths (facts)?

A
  • most worms dont have full life cycle (replicate free, weight of infection prop. To num of infecting organisms)
  • some camouflage by coating with host molecules
  • feed on body fluids or intestinal contents
17
Q

What are the 3 main classes of helminths?

A
  • nematodes (roundowmrs, cylindrical, alimentary canal)
  • cestodes (tapeworms, flat, ribbon, no digestive tract - nutrients through cuticle)
  • trematodes (flukes, leaf-shaped, blind-branched alimentary tract)
18
Q

What are the types of nematodes?

A
  • large roundworm
  • threadworm
  • hookworm
  • whipworm
19
Q

What is the transmission and symptoms of large roundworm?

A
  • fecal-oral
  • heavy infection - slows development, shortness of breathm coughing, malnutrition, blockage intestines
20
Q

What is the transmission and symptoms of threadworms?

A
  • fecal-oral
  • mild anal itching
21
Q

What is the transmission and symptoms of hookworms?

A
  • larvae in soil penetrate skin
  • slows growth and development, anaemia
22
Q

What is the transmission and symptoms of whipworms?

A
  • fecal-oral
  • usually asymptomatic, heavy infection, bloody diarrhoea
23
Q

What are adult worms of ascariasis like?

A

10-30 cm

24
Q

What are infections like with ascariasis?

A
  • max intensity infection in children at 5-10 yr
  • migration of larvae to the lungs causes most of the damage
  • heavy infection - abdominal pain, malnutrtition, escape from anus, mouth, nose or ears
  • severe infection - blockage of intestines
  • adults parasites migrate
25
Q

What is the cycle of tissue nematodes in blood?

A
  • adults in tissue/lymphatic system
  • microfiliariae circulate in blood
  • ingested with blood meal by arthropod
  • dev into infectious stage (L3)
  • enter skin when arthopod feeds
  • migrate and develop in tissue
26
Q

What is lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)?

A

Damage to lymphatic system and fluid build up = results in enlargement of parts of body

27
Q

What is onchocerciasis (river bilndness)?

A

Micrifiariae enter internal tissue of eye
= inflammation, bleeding = blindness

28
Q

What is loiasis?

A

Adult loa loa worm travels through subcutaneous tissues
= inflammation in the skin and eye

29
Q

What are facts about cestodes?

A
  • > 10m, live dor decades
  • humans as primary host - ingestion of cyst from undercooked meat/fish - worm in lumen
  • secondary host - ingestion of egg, develop into larva that invades tissue
30
Q

What are facts about trematodes (flukes)?

A
  • live for decades in tissue or blood vessels
  • progressive damage to vital organs
  • snail as intermediate host = secondary host
31
Q

What are the different types of flukes?

A
  • lung fluke - eating infected crab and crayfish
  • liver fluke - freshwater fish
32
Q

What are schistosomiasis?

A
  • worms 0.6-2.6cm
  • contamination through infected water
  • // bilharzia, snail fever
33
Q

What are symptoms of schistosomiasis?

A
  • days - develop rash/itchy skin (swimmers itch)
  • 1-2 months - fever, vhills, cough, muscle aches
  • main damage - eggs stuck in tissues
  • organ damage from inflammation and scarring // liver, intestines, lungs, bladder = bladder cancer
34
Q

What is the diagnosis for helminths?

A
  • intestinal nematodes/cestodes - eggs/larvae in faceal sample/ incidental diagnosis
  • schistosomas - eggs/larvae in faecal sample or urine

a. SL12100: Health and disease (38 decks)

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