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a. SL12100: Health and disease > L19 - Synapses And Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

L19 - Synapses And Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The point at which electrical signals move from one nervce cell to another

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2
Q

Where are APs generates and what by?

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • graded potentials activated by inputs from other neurons
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3
Q

What is the simple sequence for synaptic transmission?

A
  • AP generated at presynaptic neuron
  • invade synaptic terminal after propagation
  • release chemical synaptic transmitter
  • generate graded potential in postsynaptic neuron
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4
Q

What can postsynaptic potentials be?

A
  • inhibitory
  • excitatory
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5
Q

What atre the different types of synapses?

A
  • electrycal synapse
  • chemical synapse
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6
Q

What are electrical synapses like?

A

Pre and post synaptic neurons are directly connected by gap junctions

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7
Q

What are chemical synapses like?

A
  • pre and post synaptic neurones are physically separated by synaptic cleft
  • presynaptic neurones release chemical transmitter from their axon terminals
  • transmitter binds to receptor on post synaptic neurons
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8
Q

What are the elctrical synapses - gap junctions like?

A
  • formed by connexons in both cell membranes
  • direct passage of ions and small molecules through channel
  • permit very rapid faithful transfer of signals
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9
Q

What are features of chemical synapses?

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic neuron
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10
Q

What are the types of synapses in the CNS?

A
  • axo-dendritic
  • axo-somatic
  • axo-axonal
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11
Q

What are presynaptic terminals contain?

A

Vesicles arranged at active zones

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12
Q

How are postsynaptic membrane is specialised?

A

Contains clusters of neurotransmitter receptors and signalling molecules

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13
Q

What defines a neurotransmitter?

A
  • neurotransmitter present
  • neurotransmitter released
  • neurotransmitter receptors activated
  • neurotransmitter removed
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14
Q

How are neurotransmitters released?

A

Exocytosis

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15
Q

What is the sequence of steps in synaptic transmission?

A
  • transmitter synthesised and stored in vesicles
  • AP invades presynaptic terminal
  • AP depolarises terminal and opens VGCC, Ca2+ enters
  • Ca2+ triggers vesicle fusion
  • transmitter released by exocytosis
  • transmitter binds to receptors
  • ion flow causes post response
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16
Q

What is the sequence of steps after synaptic transmission?

A
  • transmitter removed by enzyme breakdown or reuptake
  • vesicle retrieved from terminal membrane
17
Q

What are the 4 key criterias for synaptic transmission?

A
  • substance present within the presynaptic neurone
  • substance released in response to presynaptic depolarisation by AP - release must be Ca2+
  • specific receptors present on the post cell for postsynaptic response
  • mechanism for removal
18
Q

What are the tyypes of neurotransmitter receptors?

A
  • ionotropic receptor
  • metabotropic receptor
19
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

Ligand (transmitter) gated ion-channel

20
Q

What are the metabotropic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

21
Q

Where does cholinergic transmissision occur?

A

At neuromuscular junction
- synapse between motor neurones and skeletal muscle

22
Q

What can some motor neurones in CNS be? What is the junction called?

A

1 metre from terminals in muscles
- motor endplate

23
Q

What are the transmitters used at cholinergic synapses?

A

Ach
- act as nicotinic repectors
(Same way as CNS synapses)

24
Q

Where is ACh synthesised?

A

In the presynaptic terminal
- by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in presynaptic axon

25
Q

Where is Ach stored and metabolised?

A
  • vesicles
  • acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in synaptic cleft
26
Q

What is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor?

A

A neurotransmitter-gated ion channel

27
Q

What do cholinergic neurones use?

A

Ach as the neurotransmitter
- both peripheral and CNS

28
Q

What are the 2 main brain neurotransmitters?

A
  • glutamate
  • GABA
29
Q

What is glutamate? What does it activate?

A
  • main excitatory transmitter in the CNS
  • activates both ionotropic and metabotropic receptor
30
Q

What is GABA? What does it activate?

A
  • main inhibitory transmitter in the CNS
  • activates small family of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
31
Q

What are EPSPs?

A

Excitatory PostSynaptic Potentials

32
Q

What are IPSPs?

A

Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potentials

33
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Adding together potentials that occur at the same synapse but at different times

34
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Adding together potentials that occur at different sites on the neurone

a. SL12100: Health and disease (24 decks)

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