L3: Introduction To Public Health Flashcards
What is public health?
Organised measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole
What are the top 10 threats to global health?
- air pollution and climate change
- non communicable diseases
- global influenza pandemic
- fragile and vulnerable settings
- antimicrobial resistane
- ebola and other high threat pathogens
- weak primary healthcare
- vaccine hesitancy
- dengue
- HIV
What are the 3Cs of the 21st century global health threats?
- covid-19
- climate change
- conflict
What is period life expectancy?
The average years a person would live if they experience current local age-specific mortality rates for the rest of their life
What are the main diseases the people die from? (2)
- cardiovascular disease
- cancer
What diseases do we live with? (2)
- musculoskeletal disorders
- mental and behavioural disorders
What is DALYs?
Disability adjusted life years
What are 6 conditions that account for 60% of DALYs?
- mental health issues
- dementia
- musculoskeletal disorders
- cancer
- cardiovascular diseases (stroke and diabetes)
- chronic respiratory disease
What is the definition of health inequalities?
Systematic, avoidable and unjust differences in health and wellbeing between different groups of people
Where do people die younger and spend longer in poor health?
In deprived areas
What is health patterened by?
Local deprivation
What is healthy life expectancy?
An estimate of the average lifetime spent in very good or good health
What is healthy life expectancy based on?
How individuals perceive their general health
What are interescting health inequalities by ethnicity and social economic status?
- life expectancy patterns reversed
= after covid, most ethnic minority groups had higher mortality - patterns of disease
= south asian groups have high mortality from diabetes and heart disease - disadvantaged groups
= ppl from gypsi roma, traveller, bangladeshi and pakistani coms have consistently poor health outcomes
Why do some people not register with the NHS?
Due to fear of racism
What is SMI?
Serious mental illness
What age are people with SMIs more likely to die before?
75
2/3 of the deaths are form preventable physical illness
What % is mortality of people with depression higher by to those without?
70%
What is multimorbidity?
Living with more than one long term health condition
When does multimorbidity occur by in people living in deprived areas?
10-15 years earlier
What are the top 3 risk factors contributing to deaths in the UK in 2019?
- tobacco
- high blood pressure
- dietary risks
What are social determinants of health? (3)
- individual lifestyle factors
- social and community networks
- general socieconomic, cultural and environmental conditions
What are examples of living and working conditions? (7)
- education
- agri and food production
- work environment
- unemployment
- water and sanitation
- health care services
- housing
What did the marmot review (2010) state? (2)
- health inequalities result from social inequalities
- disadvantage starts before births and accumulates throughout life
What are the building blocks of health? (8)
- friends, family and communities
- money
- housing
- education and skills
- good work
- transport
- environment
- diet
What was stated 10 years after the marmot review? (3)
- people will spend more of their lives in poor health
- improvements in life expectancy stalled, declined for women by 10% in deprived areas
- health gap has grown between wealthy and deprived areas
Who are the national key players? (3)
- Department of health & social care
- UK health security agency
- NHS england
What is the JSNA?
Joint strategic needs assessment
What is the PNA?
PHarmaceutical needs assessment
What does the JSNA and the PNA describe? (2)
Local needs
- inform local service provision of gaps
- and what should be done about it
What are the 3 domains of public health?
- health promotion
= enabling people to improve their health - health care, public health
= improving quality of health services - health protection
= preventing harms e.g. vaccinations
How are pharmacies placed to make a difference?
People who need it the most have more access to it
- 90% have a pharmacy within a 20 min walk
What are some ways that structural barriers are removed?
- providing accesible information
= large print, braille, audio, video, easy read
= relevant languages
What is the national strategy?
CORE20PLUS5
- designed to support integrated healthcare systems to drive targeted action in healthcare inequalities improvement
What is social prescribing?
Connecting patient to local non-clinical services to improve physical and mental wellbeing
E.g. mental health support sessions, exercise classes
